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"1.75" + +[workspace.dependencies] +# Shared across workspace +thiserror = "1.0" +serde = { version = "1.0", features = ["derive"] } +serde_json = "1.0" +toml = "0.8" +tracing = "0.1" +tracing-subscriber = { version = "0.3", features = ["env-filter"] } +tokio = { version = "1.35", features = ["full"] } + +# Camera +v4l = "0.14" + +# ML/ONNX +ort = "2.0.0-rc.10" +ndarray = "0.15" + +# Image processing +image = "0.24" + +# CLI +clap = { version = "4.4", features = ["derive"] } + +# TPM (future) +# tss-esapi = "7.4" diff --git a/development_path.md b/development_path.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..cf41639 --- /dev/null +++ b/development_path.md @@ -0,0 +1,746 @@ +# Linux Hello + +**Secure facial authentication for Linux using IR cameras and TPM2** + +A Windows Hello-equivalent biometric authentication system for Linux, designed with security-first principles: TPM-backed credential storage, anti-spoofing detection, and proper PAM integration. + +--- + +## Table of Contents + +1. [Project Overview](#project-overview) +2. [Architecture](#architecture) +3. [Security Model](#security-model) +4. [Components](#components) +5. [Technical Specifications](#technical-specifications) +6. [Development Phases](#development-phases) +7. [Build Instructions](#build-instructions) +8. [Testing Strategy](#testing-strategy) +9. [Threat Model](#threat-model) +10. [Contributing](#contributing) + +--- + +## Project Overview + +### Problem Statement + +Current Linux facial authentication solutions (primarily Howdy) have significant security limitations: + +- Face templates stored unencrypted on disk +- No TPM integration for secure credential storage +- Basic or no anti-spoofing capabilities +- Vulnerable to photo and video replay attacks +- No secure enclave processing + +### Goals + +1. **Security parity with Windows Hello** — TPM2-backed storage, anti-spoofing ML models, secure template handling +2. **Privacy by design** — all biometric data stays local, encrypted at rest, never leaves the device +3. **Seamless UX** — sub-second authentication, works with login managers, sudo, lock screens +4. **Broad compatibility** — support major distros, common IR camera hardware, multiple desktop environments + +### Non-Goals + +- RGB-only camera support (IR is required for security) +- Cloud-based authentication +- Multi-device sync of biometric data +- Fingerprint or other biometric modalities (future scope) + +--- + +## Architecture + +``` +┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ +│ Desktop Environment │ +│ (GNOME, KDE, SDDM, GDM, etc.) │ +└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ + │ + ▼ +┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ +│ PAM Module │ +│ (pam_linux_hello.so) │ +│ - Authentication entry point │ +│ - Communicates with daemon via Unix socket │ +└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ + │ + ▼ +┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐ +│ D-Bus Service Daemon │ +│ (linux-hello-daemon) │ +│ │ +│ ┌─────────────┐ ┌─────────────┐ ┌─────────────┐ ┌────────────┐ │ +│ │ Camera │ │ Face │ │ Anti- │ │ TPM2 │ │ +│ │ Interface │ │ Detection │ │ Spoofing │ │ Storage │ │ +│ └─────────────┘ └─────────────┘ └─────────────┘ └────────────┘ │ +└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘ + │ + ┌───────────────┼───────────────┐ + ▼ ▼ ▼ + ┌──────────┐ ┌──────────┐ ┌──────────┐ + │ IR Camera│ │ TPM2 │ │ ONNX │ + │ /dev/vid │ │ Device │ │ Runtime │ + └──────────┘ └──────────┘ └──────────┘ +``` + +### Component Communication + +| From | To | Protocol | Purpose | +|------|----|----------|---------| +| PAM Module | Daemon | Unix Socket (abstract) | Auth requests/responses | +| Desktop Env | Daemon | D-Bus (system bus) | Enrollment, settings, status | +| Daemon | Camera | V4L2 | Frame capture, IR emitter control | +| Daemon | TPM2 | tss-esapi / tpm2-tss | Secure key/template storage | + +--- + +## Security Model + +### Biometric Template Protection + +1. **Enrollment**: Face embeddings are generated and immediately encrypted using a TPM2-bound key +2. **Storage**: Encrypted templates stored in `/var/lib/linux-hello/templates//` +3. **Decryption**: Only possible on this specific TPM, with user authentication +4. **Deletion**: Secure wipe on unenrollment, templates never backed up + +### Anti-Spoofing Layers + +| Layer | Technique | Defeats | +|-------|-----------|---------| +| 1 | IR-only capture | Printed photos, most screens | +| 2 | Depth estimation from structured light | 2D images, flat screens | +| 3 | Liveness CNN | Photos, static masks | +| 4 | Temporal micro-movement analysis | Static 3D prints | +| 5 | (Optional) Challenge-response | All static attacks | + +### Authentication Flow + +``` +1. PAM requests authentication for +2. Daemon activates IR emitter + camera +3. Capture N frames (configurable, default 5) +4. For each frame: + a. Run anti-spoofing checks (must pass threshold) + b. Extract face embedding +5. Compare embeddings against TPM-decrypted templates +6. Return success/failure to PAM +7. Zero-out all frame buffers and embeddings from memory +``` + +### Threat Model Summary + +| Threat | Mitigation | +|--------|------------| +| Stolen laptop (off) | TPM-bound keys, no access without hardware | +| Stolen laptop (suspended) | Memory encryption (separate concern), short auth timeout | +| Photo attack | IR camera, depth detection | +| Video replay on screen | IR doesn't capture screens properly | +| 3D printed mask | Temporal liveness detection | +| Evil maid (template extraction) | TPM binding, encrypted at rest | +| Shoulder surfing | N/A (face auth inherently resistant) | +| Similar-looking attacker | Embedding distance threshold tuning | + +--- + +## Components + +### 1. PAM Module (`pam_linux_hello.so`) + +**Language**: C (for maximum PAM compatibility) + +**Responsibilities**: +- Integrate with PAM authentication stack +- Communicate with daemon via Unix socket +- Handle timeouts and fallback to password +- Provide configuration via `/etc/pam.d/` and `/etc/linux-hello/pam.conf` + +**Key Functions**: +```c +PAM_EXTERN int pam_sm_authenticate(pam_handle_t *pamh, int flags, int argc, const char **argv); +PAM_EXTERN int pam_sm_setcred(pam_handle_t *pamh, int flags, int argc, const char **argv); +``` + +**Configuration Options**: +- `timeout=` — max time to attempt face auth (default: 5) +- `fallback=password` — allow password if face fails +- `debug` — verbose logging to syslog + +--- + +### 2. Daemon (`linux-hello-daemon`) + +**Language**: Rust + +**Crates**: +- `tss-esapi` — TPM2 integration +- `v4l` — Video4Linux camera control +- `zbus` — D-Bus service +- `ort` — ONNX Runtime bindings for ML inference +- `opencv` — Image processing (via rust bindings or FFI) +- `tokio` — Async runtime +- `secrecy` — Secure memory handling + +**Responsibilities**: +- Manage camera lifecycle (open, configure, capture, close) +- Control IR emitter via UVC extension units +- Run face detection and embedding models +- Run anti-spoofing models +- Interface with TPM2 for key management and encryption +- Expose D-Bus API for enrollment and management +- Handle concurrent authentication requests + +**D-Bus Interface** (`org.linux-hello.Manager`): + +```xml + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +``` + +--- + +### 3. IR Camera Interface + +**Driver Layer**: V4L2 (Video4Linux2) + +**Key Challenges**: +- IR emitter control varies by hardware (UVC extension units) +- Need to identify IR camera vs RGB camera +- Handle camera already in use by other applications + +**IR Emitter Control**: +Most IR cameras use USB Video Class (UVC) extension units. We'll need to: +1. Enumerate UVC extension units +2. Find the IR emitter control (vendor-specific) +3. Send enable/disable commands + +Reference implementation: [linux-enable-ir-emitter](https://github.com/EmixamPP/linux-enable-ir-emitter) + +**Camera Detection Heuristic**: +``` +1. Enumerate /dev/video* devices +2. Query V4L2 capabilities +3. Look for IR-specific formats (Y8, GREY, etc.) +4. Check for multiple cameras (typically IR is second device) +5. Attempt IR emitter activation as confirmation +``` + +--- + +### 4. Face Detection & Embedding + +**Model Options**: + +| Model | Size | Speed | Accuracy | License | +|-------|------|-------|----------|---------| +| RetinaFace | ~100MB | ~50ms | High | MIT | +| MTCNN | ~2MB | ~100ms | Medium | MIT | +| BlazeFace | ~500KB | ~10ms | Medium | Apache 2.0 | + +**Embedding Model**: + +| Model | Embedding Size | Accuracy (LFW) | License | +|-------|----------------|----------------|---------| +| ArcFace | 512 | 99.8% | MIT | +| FaceNet | 128/512 | 99.6% | Apache 2.0 | +| MobileFaceNet | 128 | 99.4% | MIT | + +**Recommendation**: +- Detection: BlazeFace (speed) or RetinaFace (accuracy) +- Embedding: MobileFaceNet (good balance for on-device) + +**Inference Runtime**: ONNX Runtime with CPU execution provider (GPU optional) + +--- + +### 5. Anti-Spoofing Module + +**Multi-Stage Pipeline**: + +``` +Frame → IR Validation → Depth Check → Liveness CNN → Temporal Analysis → Decision + │ │ │ │ + ▼ ▼ ▼ ▼ + Reject if Reject if Score 0-1 Micro-movement + not IR-like depth < thresh threshold detection +``` + +**Stage 1: IR Validation** +- Verify frame characteristics match IR capture (histogram analysis) +- Reject frames that appear to be visible light + +**Stage 2: Depth Estimation** +- Use structured light patterns from IR emitter +- Estimate depth map, reject if too flat +- Reference: [3DDFA_V2](https://github.com/cleardusk/3DDFA_V2) + +**Stage 3: Liveness CNN** +- Binary classifier: real face vs spoof +- Training data: CelebA-Spoof, CASIA-FASD, Replay-Attack datasets +- Architecture: MobileNetV3-Small backbone + +**Stage 4: Temporal Analysis** +- Capture sequence of frames (not just one) +- Detect micro-movements (eye blinks, slight head motion) +- Use optical flow or landmark tracking + +**Confidence Scoring**: +``` +final_score = w1 * depth_score + w2 * liveness_score + w3 * temporal_score + +if final_score < threshold: + reject("Spoof detected") +``` + +Default weights: `w1=0.3, w2=0.5, w3=0.2` +Default threshold: `0.7` + +--- + +### 6. TPM2 Storage Module + +**Key Hierarchy**: +``` +TPM Storage Root Key (SRK) + └── Linux Hello Primary Key (sealed to PCRs) + └── User Template Encryption Key (per-user) + └── Encrypted face template +``` + +**Operations**: + +| Operation | TPM2 Command | Purpose | +|-----------|--------------|---------| +| Create primary key | `TPM2_CreatePrimary` | One-time setup | +| Create user key | `TPM2_Create` | Per-user enrollment | +| Encrypt template | `TPM2_EncryptDecrypt` | Secure storage | +| Decrypt template | `TPM2_EncryptDecrypt` | Authentication | +| Seal to PCRs | `TPM2_PolicyPCR` | Bind to boot state (optional) | + +**PCR Binding (Optional)**: +- PCR 7: Secure Boot state +- PCR 11: BitLocker-like (unified kernel image) +- Effect: Templates inaccessible if boot chain modified + +**Key Storage**: +- Primary key handle persisted at `0x81000001` +- User keys stored as TPM2 context blobs in `/var/lib/linux-hello/keys/` + +--- + +### 7. CLI Tool (`linux-hello`) + +**Commands**: + +```bash +# Enrollment +linux-hello enroll [--label ] # Add face model +linux-hello enroll --glasses # Add variant + +# Management +linux-hello list # Show enrolled models +linux-hello remove