fix(supply-chain): flow-weighted per-sector chokepoint exposure (#3017)

* fix(supply-chain): flow-weighted per-sector chokepoint exposure (#2968)

COUNTRY_PORT_CLUSTERS is country-level, producing identical scores for
all sectors. Replace with flow-weighted model that reads bilateral HS4
trade data (exporter shares) to differentiate sector exposure by actual
supplier routing through chokepoints.

* fix(chokepoint): short-cache fallback when bilateral data is transiently unavailable

loadBilateralProducts() now returns { products, transient } instead of
just products|null. When bilateral HS4 data is unavailable due to a
transient state (lazy fetch in-flight or Comtrade 429), the fallback
exposures are cached for 60s instead of 24h. This prevents nine sectors
from being stuck on country-level fallback scores for a full day when
the bilateral payload arrives moments after the first lazy fetch.

Replaced cachedFetchJson with manual getCachedJson + setCachedJson to
vary the TTL based on whether bilateral data was available.

* fix(lazy-hs4): distinguish 429 from server errors, fix raw key writes

Two fixes in _bilateral-hs4-lazy.ts:

1. fetchComtradeBilateral now returns { products, rateLimited, serverError }
   instead of null for all non-2xx. Transient 500/503 no longer writes a
   24h rateLimited sentinel, allowing immediate retry on next request.
   Only real 429s write the sentinel.

2. All setCachedJson calls now pass raw=true to match the raw=true reads.
   Seeds write these keys unprefixed; without raw=true on writes, lazy-fetch
   results were invisible to readers in prefixed environments.

* fix(chokepoint): treat lazy server-error path as transient

comtradeSource 'lazy' with empty products is the upstream 500/timeout
path from _bilateral-hs4-lazy.ts. Without including it in the transient
check, fallback exposures were still cached for 24h on server errors.

server/worldmonitor/supply-chain/v1/_bilateral-hs4-lazy.ts

@@ -120,7 +120,13 @@ function groupByProduct(records: ParsedRecord[]): CountryProduct[] {
   return products;
 }
 
-async function fetchComtradeBilateral(reporterCode: string): Promise<CountryProduct[] | null> {
+interface ComtradeResult {
+  products: CountryProduct[];
+  rateLimited: boolean;
+  serverError: boolean;
+}
+
+async function fetchComtradeBilateral(reporterCode: string): Promise<ComtradeResult> {
   const url = new URL(COMTRADE_BASE);
   url.searchParams.set('reporterCode', reporterCode);
   url.searchParams.set('cmdCode', HS4_CODES.join(','));
@@ -131,12 +137,12 @@ async function fetchComtradeBilateral(reporterCode: string): Promise<CountryProd
     signal: AbortSignal.timeout(FETCH_TIMEOUT_MS),
   });
 
-  if (resp.status === 429) return null;
+  if (resp.status === 429) return { products: [], rateLimited: true, serverError: false };
-  if (!resp.ok) return null;
+  if (!resp.ok) return { products: [], rateLimited: false, serverError: resp.status >= 500 };
 
   const data = await resp.json();
   const records = parseRecords(data);
-  return groupByProduct(records);
+  return { products: groupByProduct(records), rateLimited: false, serverError: false };
 }
 
 export interface LazyFetchResult {
@@ -167,27 +173,33 @@ export async function lazyFetchBilateralHs4(iso2: string): Promise<LazyFetchResu
   const unCode = ISO2_TO_UN[iso2];
   if (!unCode) {
     fetchInFlight = false;
-    await setCachedJson(sentinelKey, { empty: true }, EMPTY_TTL);
+    await setCachedJson(sentinelKey, { empty: true }, EMPTY_TTL, true);
     return { products: [], comtradeSource: 'empty' };
   }
 
   try {
-    const products = await fetchComtradeBilateral(unCode);
+    const result = await fetchComtradeBilateral(unCode);
 
-    if (products === null) {
+    if (result.rateLimited) {
-      await setCachedJson(sentinelKey, { rateLimited: true }, EMPTY_TTL);
+      await setCachedJson(sentinelKey, { rateLimited: true }, EMPTY_TTL, true);
       return { products: [], comtradeSource: 'empty', rateLimited: true };
     }
 
-    if (products.length === 0) {
+    // Transient server error (500/503): don't write a 24h sentinel, just return
-      await setCachedJson(sentinelKey, { empty: true }, EMPTY_TTL);
+    // empty so the next request retries instead of being suppressed for a day
+    if (result.serverError) {
+      return { products: [], comtradeSource: 'lazy' };
+    }
+
+    if (result.products.length === 0) {
+      await setCachedJson(sentinelKey, { empty: true }, EMPTY_TTL, true);
       return { products: [], comtradeSource: 'empty' };
     }
 
     const cacheKey = `${KEY_PREFIX}${iso2}:v1`;
-    const payload = { iso2, products, fetchedAt: new Date().toISOString() };
+    const payload = { iso2, products: result.products, fetchedAt: new Date().toISOString() };
-    await setCachedJson(cacheKey, payload, SUCCESS_TTL);
+    await setCachedJson(cacheKey, payload, SUCCESS_TTL, true);
-    return { products, comtradeSource: 'bilateral-hs4' };
+    return { products: result.products, comtradeSource: 'bilateral-hs4' };
   } catch {
     return { products: [], comtradeSource: 'lazy' };
   } finally {

server/worldmonitor/supply-chain/v1/chokepoint-exposure-utils.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,127 @@
+import { CHOKEPOINT_REGISTRY } from '../../../../src/config/chokepoint-registry';
+import COUNTRY_PORT_CLUSTERS from '../../../../scripts/shared/country-port-clusters.json';
+
+interface PortClusterEntry {
+  nearestRouteIds: string[];
+  coastSide: string;
+}
+
+export interface ProductExporter {
+  partnerCode: number;
+  partnerIso2: string;
+  value: number;
+  share: number;
+}
+
+export interface CountryProduct {
+  hs4: string;
+  description: string;
+  totalValue: number;
+  topExporters: ProductExporter[];
+  year: number;
+}
+
+export interface ExposureEntry {
+  chokepointId: string;
+  chokepointName: string;
+  exposureScore: number;
+  coastSide: string;
+  shockSupported: boolean;
+}
+
+const clusters = COUNTRY_PORT_CLUSTERS as unknown as Record<string, PortClusterEntry>;
+
+export function getRouteIdsForCountry(iso2: string): string[] {
+  return clusters[iso2]?.nearestRouteIds ?? [];
+}
+
+export function getCoastSide(iso2: string): string {
+  return clusters[iso2]?.coastSide ?? 'unknown';
+}
+
+export function hs4ToHs2(hs4: string): string {
+  return String(Number.parseInt(hs4.slice(0, 2), 10));
+}
+
+export function computeFlowWeightedExposures(
+  importerIso2: string,
+  hs2: string,
+  products: CountryProduct[],
+): ExposureEntry[] {
+  const isEnergy = hs2 === '27';
+  const normalizedHs2 = String(Number.parseInt(hs2, 10));
+  const matchingProducts = products.filter(p => hs4ToHs2(p.hs4) === normalizedHs2);
+
+  if (matchingProducts.length === 0) return [];
+
+  const importerRoutes = new Set(getRouteIdsForCountry(importerIso2));
+  const totalSectorValue = matchingProducts.reduce((s, p) => s + p.totalValue, 0);
+
+  const cpScores = new Map<string, number>();
+  for (const cp of CHOKEPOINT_REGISTRY) cpScores.set(cp.id, 0);
+
+  for (const product of matchingProducts) {
+    const productWeight = totalSectorValue > 0 ? product.totalValue / totalSectorValue : 0;
+
+    for (const exporter of product.topExporters) {
+      if (!exporter.partnerIso2) continue;
+      const exporterRoutes = new Set(getRouteIdsForCountry(exporter.partnerIso2));
+
+      for (const cp of CHOKEPOINT_REGISTRY) {
+        const cpRoutes = cp.routeIds;
+        let overlap = 0;
+        for (const r of cpRoutes) {
+          if (importerRoutes.has(r) || exporterRoutes.has(r)) overlap++;
+        }
+        const routeCoverage = overlap / Math.max(cpRoutes.length, 1);
+        const contribution = routeCoverage * exporter.share * productWeight * 100;
+        cpScores.set(cp.id, (cpScores.get(cp.id) ?? 0) + contribution);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  const entries: ExposureEntry[] = CHOKEPOINT_REGISTRY.map(cp => {
+    let score = cpScores.get(cp.id) ?? 0;
+    if (isEnergy && cp.shockModelSupported) score = Math.min(score * 1.5, 100);
+    score = Math.min(score, 100);
+    return {
+      chokepointId: cp.id,
+      chokepointName: cp.displayName,
+      exposureScore: Math.round(score * 10) / 10,
+      coastSide: '',
+      shockSupported: cp.shockModelSupported,
+    };
+  });
+
+  return entries.sort((a, b) => b.exposureScore - a.exposureScore);
+}
+
+export function computeFallbackExposures(
+  nearestRouteIds: string[],
+  hs2: string,
+): ExposureEntry[] {
+  const isEnergy = hs2 === '27';
+  const routeSet = new Set(nearestRouteIds);
+
+  const entries: ExposureEntry[] = CHOKEPOINT_REGISTRY.map(cp => {
+    const overlap = cp.routeIds.filter(r => routeSet.has(r)).length;
+    const maxRoutes = Math.max(cp.routeIds.length, 1);
+    let score = (overlap / maxRoutes) * 100;
+    if (isEnergy && cp.shockModelSupported) score = Math.min(score * 1.5, 100);
+    return {
+      chokepointId: cp.id,
+      chokepointName: cp.displayName,
+      exposureScore: Math.round(score * 10) / 10,
+      coastSide: '',
+      shockSupported: cp.shockModelSupported,
+    };
+  });
+
+  return entries.sort((a, b) => b.exposureScore - a.exposureScore);
+}
+
+export function vulnerabilityIndex(sorted: ExposureEntry[]): number {
+  const weights = [0.5, 0.3, 0.2];
+  const total = sorted.slice(0, 3).reduce((sum, e, i) => sum + e.exposureScore * weights[i]!, 0);
+  return Math.round(total * 10) / 10;
+}

server/worldmonitor/supply-chain/v1/get-country-chokepoint-index.ts

@@ -2,51 +2,60 @@ import type {
   ServerContext,
   GetCountryChokepointIndexRequest,
   GetCountryChokepointIndexResponse,
-  ChokepointExposureEntry,
 } from '../../../../src/generated/server/worldmonitor/supply_chain/v1/service_server';
 
-import { cachedFetchJson } from '../../../_shared/redis';
+import { getCachedJson, setCachedJson } from '../../../_shared/redis';
 import { isCallerPremium } from '../../../_shared/premium-check';
 import { CHOKEPOINT_EXPOSURE_KEY } from '../../../_shared/cache-keys';
-import { CHOKEPOINT_REGISTRY } from '../../../../src/config/chokepoint-registry';
+import { lazyFetchBilateralHs4 } from './_bilateral-hs4-lazy';
-import COUNTRY_PORT_CLUSTERS from '../../../../scripts/shared/country-port-clusters.json';
+import {
+  computeFlowWeightedExposures,
+  computeFallbackExposures,
+  vulnerabilityIndex,
+  getRouteIdsForCountry,
+  getCoastSide,
+  type CountryProduct,
+} from './chokepoint-exposure-utils';
 
 const CACHE_TTL = 86400; // 24 hours
+const TRANSIENT_CACHE_TTL = 60; // 60s when bilateral data is still loading
 
-interface PortClusterEntry {
+interface BilateralHs4Payload {
-  nearestRouteIds: string[];
+  iso2: string;
-  coastSide: string;
+  products: CountryProduct[];
+  fetchedAt: string;
 }
 
-function computeExposures(
+interface BilateralResult {
-  nearestRouteIds: string[],
+  products: CountryProduct[] | null;
-  hs2: string,
+  transient: boolean;
-): ChokepointExposureEntry[] {
-  const isEnergy = hs2 === '27';
-  const routeSet = new Set(nearestRouteIds);
-
-  const entries: ChokepointExposureEntry[] = CHOKEPOINT_REGISTRY.map(cp => {
-    const overlap = cp.routeIds.filter(r => routeSet.has(r)).length;
-    const maxRoutes = Math.max(cp.routeIds.length, 1);
-    let score = (overlap / maxRoutes) * 100;
-    // Energy sector: boost shock-model chokepoints by 50% (oil + LNG dependency)
-    if (isEnergy && cp.shockModelSupported) score = Math.min(score * 1.5, 100);
-    return {
-      chokepointId: cp.id,
-      chokepointName: cp.displayName,
-      exposureScore: Math.round(score * 10) / 10,
-      coastSide: '',
-      shockSupported: cp.shockModelSupported,
-    };
-  });
-
-  return entries.sort((a, b) => b.exposureScore - a.exposureScore);
 }
 
-function vulnerabilityIndex(sorted: ChokepointExposureEntry[]): number {
+async function loadBilateralProducts(iso2: string): Promise<BilateralResult> {
-  const weights = [0.5, 0.3, 0.2];
+  const bilateralKey = `comtrade:bilateral-hs4:${iso2}:v1`;
-  const total = sorted.slice(0, 3).reduce((sum, e, i) => sum + e.exposureScore * weights[i]!, 0);
+  const rawPayload = await getCachedJson(bilateralKey, true).catch(() => null) as BilateralHs4Payload | null;
-  return Math.round(total * 10) / 10;
+  if (rawPayload?.products?.length) return { products: rawPayload.products, transient: false };
+
+  const lazyResult = await lazyFetchBilateralHs4(iso2);
+  if (lazyResult && lazyResult.products.length > 0) return { products: lazyResult.products, transient: false };
+
+  // Transient states: null = in-flight concurrent fetch, rateLimited = 429,
+  // comtradeSource 'lazy' with no products = upstream server error / timeout
+  const isTransient = lazyResult === null
+    || lazyResult.rateLimited === true
+    || (lazyResult.comtradeSource === 'lazy' && lazyResult.products.length === 0);
+  return { products: null, transient: isTransient };
+}
+
+function emptyResponse(iso2: string, hs2: string): GetCountryChokepointIndexResponse {
+  return {
+    iso2,
+    hs2,
+    exposures: [],
+    primaryChokepointId: '',
+    vulnerabilityIndex: 0,
+    fetchedAt: new Date().toISOString(),
+  };
 }
 
 export async function getCountryChokepointIndex(
@@ -54,70 +63,54 @@ export async function getCountryChokepointIndex(
   req: GetCountryChokepointIndexRequest,
 ): Promise<GetCountryChokepointIndexResponse> {
   const isPro = await isCallerPremium(ctx.request);
-  if (!isPro) {
+  if (!isPro) return emptyResponse(req.iso2, req.hs2 || '27');
-    return {
-      iso2: req.iso2,
-      hs2: req.hs2 || '27',
-      exposures: [],
-      primaryChokepointId: '',
-      vulnerabilityIndex: 0,
-      fetchedAt: new Date().toISOString(),
-    };
-  }
 
   const iso2 = req.iso2.trim().toUpperCase();
   const hs2 = (req.hs2?.trim() || '27').replace(/\D/g, '') || '27';
 
   if (!/^[A-Z]{2}$/.test(iso2) || !/^\d{1,2}$/.test(hs2)) {
-    return { iso2: req.iso2, hs2: req.hs2 || '27', exposures: [], primaryChokepointId: '', vulnerabilityIndex: 0, fetchedAt: new Date().toISOString() };
+    return emptyResponse(req.iso2, req.hs2 || '27');
   }
 
   const cacheKey = CHOKEPOINT_EXPOSURE_KEY(iso2, hs2);
 
   try {
-    const result = await cachedFetchJson<GetCountryChokepointIndexResponse>(
+    const cached = await getCachedJson(cacheKey) as GetCountryChokepointIndexResponse | null;
-      cacheKey,
+    if (cached) return cached;
-      CACHE_TTL,
-      async () => {
-        const clusters = COUNTRY_PORT_CLUSTERS as unknown as Record<string, PortClusterEntry>;
-        const cluster = clusters[iso2];
-        const nearestRouteIds = cluster?.nearestRouteIds ?? [];
-        const coastSide = cluster?.coastSide ?? 'unknown';
 
-        const exposures = computeExposures(nearestRouteIds, hs2);
+    const { products, transient } = await loadBilateralProducts(iso2);
-        // Attach coastSide only to the top entry
-        if (exposures[0]) exposures[0] = { ...exposures[0], coastSide };
 
-        const primaryId = exposures[0]?.chokepointId ?? '';
+    let exposures;
-        const vulnIndex = vulnerabilityIndex(exposures);
+    if (products) {
+      exposures = computeFlowWeightedExposures(iso2, hs2, products);
+    } else {
+      exposures = computeFallbackExposures(getRouteIdsForCountry(iso2), hs2);
+    }
 
-        return {
+    if (exposures.length === 0) {
-          iso2,
+      exposures = computeFallbackExposures(getRouteIdsForCountry(iso2), hs2);
-          hs2,
+    }
-          exposures,
-          primaryChokepointId: primaryId,
-          vulnerabilityIndex: vulnIndex,
-          fetchedAt: new Date().toISOString(),
-        };
-      },
-    );
 
-    return result ?? {
+    const coastSide = getCoastSide(iso2);
+    if (exposures[0]) exposures[0] = { ...exposures[0], coastSide };
+
+    const primaryId = exposures[0]?.chokepointId ?? '';
+    const vulnIndex = vulnerabilityIndex(exposures);
+
+    const result: GetCountryChokepointIndexResponse = {
       iso2,
       hs2,
-      exposures: [],
+      exposures,
-      primaryChokepointId: '',
+      primaryChokepointId: primaryId,
-      vulnerabilityIndex: 0,
+      vulnerabilityIndex: vulnIndex,
       fetchedAt: new Date().toISOString(),
     };
+
+    const ttl = transient ? TRANSIENT_CACHE_TTL : CACHE_TTL;
+    await setCachedJson(cacheKey, result, ttl);
+
+    return result;
   } catch {
-    return {
+    return emptyResponse(iso2, hs2);
-      iso2,
-      hs2,
-      exposures: [],
-      primaryChokepointId: '',
-      vulnerabilityIndex: 0,
-      fetchedAt: new Date().toISOString(),
-    };
   }
 }

tests/country-chokepoint-index.test.mts

@@ -0,0 +1,195 @@
+import { describe, it } from 'node:test';
+import assert from 'node:assert/strict';
+import {
+  computeFlowWeightedExposures,
+  computeFallbackExposures,
+  vulnerabilityIndex,
+  type CountryProduct,
+  type ExposureEntry,
+} from '../server/worldmonitor/supply-chain/v1/chokepoint-exposure-utils.js';
+
+function makeProduct(hs4: string, exporterIso2: string, share: number, value = 1_000_000): CountryProduct {
+  return {
+    hs4,
+    description: `Product ${hs4}`,
+    totalValue: value,
+    topExporters: [{ partnerCode: 0, partnerIso2: exporterIso2, value, share }],
+    year: 2024,
+  };
+}
+
+function scoreMap(entries: ExposureEntry[]): Map<string, number> {
+  return new Map(entries.map(e => [e.chokepointId, e.exposureScore]));
+}
+
+describe('Flow-weighted chokepoint exposure (#2968)', () => {
+  describe('Turkey (TR)', () => {
+    it('Energy (HS2=27) from SA scores differently than Pharma (HS2=30) from DE', () => {
+      const energyProducts = [makeProduct('2709', 'SA', 0.6), makeProduct('2711', 'SA', 0.4)];
+      const pharmaProducts = [makeProduct('3004', 'DE', 0.5), makeProduct('3004', 'FR', 0.3)];
+
+      const energyExposures = computeFlowWeightedExposures('TR', '27', energyProducts);
+      const pharmaExposures = computeFlowWeightedExposures('TR', '30', pharmaProducts);
+
+      assert.ok(energyExposures.length > 0, 'energy exposures should not be empty');
+      assert.ok(pharmaExposures.length > 0, 'pharma exposures should not be empty');
+
+      const energyScores = scoreMap(energyExposures);
+      const pharmaScores = scoreMap(pharmaExposures);
+
+      let hasDifference = false;
+      for (const [cpId, eScore] of energyScores) {
+        const pScore = pharmaScores.get(cpId) ?? 0;
+        if (eScore !== pScore) { hasDifference = true; break; }
+      }
+      assert.ok(hasDifference, 'Energy and Pharma must have different chokepoint scores for Turkey');
+    });
+
+    it('Energy from SA should have higher Hormuz exposure than Pharma from DE', () => {
+      const energyProducts = [makeProduct('2709', 'SA', 0.8)];
+      const pharmaProducts = [makeProduct('3004', 'DE', 0.8)];
+
+      const energyScores = scoreMap(computeFlowWeightedExposures('TR', '27', energyProducts));
+      const pharmaScores = scoreMap(computeFlowWeightedExposures('TR', '30', pharmaProducts));
+
+      const hormuzEnergy = energyScores.get('hormuz_strait') ?? 0;
+      const hormuzPharma = pharmaScores.get('hormuz_strait') ?? 0;
+      assert.ok(
+        hormuzEnergy > hormuzPharma,
+        `Hormuz energy (${hormuzEnergy}) should exceed Hormuz pharma (${hormuzPharma})`,
+      );
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('United States (US)', () => {
+    it('Electronics (HS2=85) from CN scores differently than Vehicles (HS2=87) from DE', () => {
+      const electronicsProducts = [makeProduct('8542', 'CN', 0.6), makeProduct('8517', 'TW', 0.3)];
+      const vehicleProducts = [makeProduct('8703', 'DE', 0.5), makeProduct('8708', 'JP', 0.3)];
+
+      const elecExposures = computeFlowWeightedExposures('US', '85', electronicsProducts);
+      const vehExposures = computeFlowWeightedExposures('US', '87', vehicleProducts);
+
+      const elecScores = scoreMap(elecExposures);
+      const vehScores = scoreMap(vehExposures);
+
+      let hasDifference = false;
+      for (const [cpId, eScore] of elecScores) {
+        const vScore = vehScores.get(cpId) ?? 0;
+        if (eScore !== vScore) { hasDifference = true; break; }
+      }
+      assert.ok(hasDifference, 'Electronics and Vehicles must have different scores for the US');
+    });
+
+    it('Top chokepoints differ between Energy (SA/QA suppliers) and Electronics (CN/TW suppliers)', () => {
+      const energyProducts = [makeProduct('2709', 'SA', 0.5), makeProduct('2711', 'QA', 0.3)];
+      const elecProducts = [makeProduct('8542', 'CN', 0.7), makeProduct('8517', 'TW', 0.2)];
+
+      const energyExposures = computeFlowWeightedExposures('US', '27', energyProducts);
+      const elecExposures = computeFlowWeightedExposures('US', '85', elecProducts);
+
+      const energyTop = energyExposures[0]?.chokepointId;
+      const elecTop = elecExposures[0]?.chokepointId;
+
+      assert.ok(energyTop, 'Energy should have a top chokepoint');
+      assert.ok(elecTop, 'Electronics should have a top chokepoint');
+      assert.notEqual(energyTop, elecTop, `Top chokepoint should differ: energy=${energyTop}, elec=${elecTop}`);
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('Cross-country differentiation', () => {
+    const testCountries = ['TR', 'US', 'CN', 'DE', 'JP', 'IN', 'BR', 'GB', 'FR', 'SA'];
+
+    it('At least 8 of 10 test countries produce differentiated Energy vs Pharma scores', () => {
+      let differentiated = 0;
+      for (const iso2 of testCountries) {
+        const energyProducts = [makeProduct('2709', 'SA', 0.5), makeProduct('2711', 'RU', 0.3)];
+        const pharmaProducts = [makeProduct('3004', 'DE', 0.4), makeProduct('3004', 'IN', 0.3)];
+
+        const energyScores = scoreMap(computeFlowWeightedExposures(iso2, '27', energyProducts));
+        const pharmaScores = scoreMap(computeFlowWeightedExposures(iso2, '30', pharmaProducts));
+
+        for (const [cpId, eScore] of energyScores) {
+          if (eScore !== (pharmaScores.get(cpId) ?? 0)) { differentiated++; break; }
+        }
+      }
+      assert.ok(
+        differentiated >= 8,
+        `Only ${differentiated}/10 countries showed differentiation (need ≥8)`,
+      );
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('Edge cases', () => {
+    it('Empty products list returns empty exposures', () => {
+      const result = computeFlowWeightedExposures('TR', '27', []);
+      assert.equal(result.length, 0);
+    });
+
+    it('Products with no matching HS2 return empty exposures', () => {
+      const products = [makeProduct('8542', 'CN', 0.8)];
+      const result = computeFlowWeightedExposures('TR', '27', products);
+      assert.equal(result.length, 0, 'HS2=27 should not match HS4=8542');
+    });
+
+    it('Unknown exporter country falls back gracefully (no routes)', () => {
+      const products = [makeProduct('2709', 'ZZ', 1.0)];
+      const result = computeFlowWeightedExposures('TR', '27', products);
+      assert.ok(result.length > 0, 'should still return entries even for unknown exporter');
+    });
+
+    it('Scores are capped at 100', () => {
+      const heavyProducts = [
+        makeProduct('2709', 'SA', 0.9, 10_000_000),
+        makeProduct('2710', 'SA', 0.9, 10_000_000),
+        makeProduct('2711', 'SA', 0.9, 10_000_000),
+      ];
+      const result = computeFlowWeightedExposures('TR', '27', heavyProducts);
+      for (const e of result) {
+        assert.ok(e.exposureScore <= 100, `${e.chokepointId} scored ${e.exposureScore} > 100`);
+      }
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('Fallback scoring', () => {
+    it('Produces identical scores for different HS2 (except energy boost)', () => {
+      const routes = ['gulf-europe-oil', 'russia-med-oil'];
+      const pharma = computeFallbackExposures(routes, '30');
+      const textiles = computeFallbackExposures(routes, '62');
+
+      const pharmaScores = scoreMap(pharma);
+      const textileScores = scoreMap(textiles);
+
+      for (const [cpId, pScore] of pharmaScores) {
+        assert.equal(pScore, textileScores.get(cpId) ?? 0, `Fallback: ${cpId} should be identical across non-energy sectors`);
+      }
+    });
+
+    it('Energy boost differentiates HS2=27 from others in fallback mode', () => {
+      const routes = ['gulf-europe-oil', 'gulf-asia-oil'];
+      const energy = computeFallbackExposures(routes, '27');
+      const pharma = computeFallbackExposures(routes, '30');
+
+      const energyScores = scoreMap(energy);
+      const pharmaScores = scoreMap(pharma);
+
+      let hasDifference = false;
+      for (const [cpId, eScore] of energyScores) {
+        if (eScore !== (pharmaScores.get(cpId) ?? 0)) { hasDifference = true; break; }
+      }
+      assert.ok(hasDifference, 'Energy fallback should differ from non-energy due to 1.5x boost');
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('Vulnerability index', () => {
+    it('Computes weighted average of top 3 scores', () => {
+      const entries: ExposureEntry[] = [
+        { chokepointId: 'a', chokepointName: 'A', exposureScore: 100, coastSide: '', shockSupported: false },
+        { chokepointId: 'b', chokepointName: 'B', exposureScore: 80, coastSide: '', shockSupported: false },
+        { chokepointId: 'c', chokepointName: 'C', exposureScore: 60, coastSide: '', shockSupported: false },
+      ];
+      const result = vulnerabilityIndex(entries);
+      const expected = Math.round((100 * 0.5 + 80 * 0.3 + 60 * 0.2) * 10) / 10;
+      assert.equal(result, expected);
+    });
+  });
+});