fix: prevent zombie subprocess accumulation by only trusting exitCode (#1226) (#1325)

proc.killed only means Node sent a signal — the process can still be alive.
This caused premature pool slot release, allowing unbounded process spawning.

- ensureProcessExit: remove proc.killed from early-exit checks, only trust exitCode
- Fix 3 call-site guards that skipped cleanup for signaled-but-alive processes
- Add TOTAL_PROCESS_HARD_CAP=10 safety net in waitForSlot()
- After SIGKILL, wait up to 1s via exit event instead of blind 200ms sleep
- Reduce reaper interval from 5min to 1min, idle threshold from 2min to 1min

Closes #1226

Co-authored-by: Claude Opus 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com>

src/services/worker-service.ts

@@ -470,7 +470,7 @@ export class WorkerService {
         }
         return activeIds;
       });
-      logger.info('SYSTEM', 'Started orphan reaper (runs every 5 minutes)');
+      logger.info('SYSTEM', 'Started orphan reaper (runs every 1 minute)');
 
       // Reap stale sessions to unblock orphan process cleanup (Issue #1168)
       this.staleSessionReaperInterval = setInterval(async () => {
@@ -618,7 +618,7 @@ export class WorkerService {
       .finally(async () => {
         // CRITICAL: Verify subprocess exit to prevent zombie accumulation (Issue #1168)
         const trackedProcess = getProcessBySession(session.sessionDbId);
-        if (trackedProcess && !trackedProcess.process.killed && trackedProcess.process.exitCode === null) {
+        if (trackedProcess && trackedProcess.process.exitCode === null) {
           await ensureProcessExit(trackedProcess, 5000);
         }
 

src/services/worker/ProcessRegistry.ts

@@ -91,7 +91,14 @@ function notifySlotAvailable(): void {
  * @param maxConcurrent Max number of concurrent agents
  * @param timeoutMs Max time to wait before giving up
  */
+const TOTAL_PROCESS_HARD_CAP = 10;
+
 export async function waitForSlot(maxConcurrent: number, timeoutMs: number = 60_000): Promise<void> {
+  // Hard cap: refuse to spawn if too many processes exist regardless of pool accounting
+  if (processRegistry.size >= TOTAL_PROCESS_HARD_CAP) {
+    throw new Error(`Hard cap exceeded: ${processRegistry.size} processes in registry (cap=${TOTAL_PROCESS_HARD_CAP}). Refusing to spawn more.`);
+  }
+
   if (processRegistry.size < maxConcurrent) return;
 
   logger.info('PROCESS', `Pool limit reached (${processRegistry.size}/${maxConcurrent}), waiting for slot...`);
@@ -136,8 +143,9 @@ export function getActiveProcesses(): Array<{ pid: number; sessionDbId: number;
 export async function ensureProcessExit(tracked: TrackedProcess, timeoutMs: number = 5000): Promise<void> {
   const { pid, process: proc } = tracked;
 
-  // Already exited?
-  if (proc.killed || proc.exitCode !== null) {
+  // Already exited? Only trust exitCode, NOT proc.killed
+  // proc.killed only means Node sent a signal — the process can still be alive
+  if (proc.exitCode !== null) {
     unregisterProcess(pid);
     return;
   }
@@ -153,8 +161,8 @@ export async function ensureProcessExit(tracked: TrackedProcess, timeoutMs: numb
 
   await Promise.race([exitPromise, timeoutPromise]);
 
-  // Check if exited gracefully
-  if (proc.killed || proc.exitCode !== null) {
+  // Check if exited gracefully — only trust exitCode
+  if (proc.exitCode !== null) {
     unregisterProcess(pid);
     return;
   }
@@ -167,8 +175,14 @@ export async function ensureProcessExit(tracked: TrackedProcess, timeoutMs: numb
     // Already dead
   }
 
-  // Brief wait for SIGKILL to take effect
-  await new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, 200));
+  // Wait for SIGKILL to take effect — use exit event with 1s timeout instead of blind sleep
+  const sigkillExitPromise = new Promise<void>((resolve) => {
+    proc.once('exit', () => resolve());
+  });
+  const sigkillTimeout = new Promise<void>((resolve) => {
+    setTimeout(resolve, 1000);
+  });
+  await Promise.race([sigkillExitPromise, sigkillTimeout]);
   unregisterProcess(pid);
 }
 
@@ -234,8 +248,8 @@ async function killIdleDaemonChildren(): Promise<number> {
         minutes = parseInt(minMatch[1], 10);
       }
 
-      // Kill if idle for more than 2 minutes
-      if (minutes >= 2) {
+      // Kill if idle for more than 1 minute
+      if (minutes >= 1) {
         logger.info('PROCESS', `Killing idle daemon child PID ${pid} (idle ${minutes}m)`, { pid, minutes });
         try {
           process.kill(pid, 'SIGKILL');
@@ -393,7 +407,7 @@ export function createPidCapturingSpawn(sessionDbId: number) {
  * Start the orphan reaper interval
  * Returns cleanup function to stop the interval
  */
-export function startOrphanReaper(getActiveSessionIds: () => Set<number>, intervalMs: number = 5 * 60 * 1000): () => void {
+export function startOrphanReaper(getActiveSessionIds: () => Set<number>, intervalMs: number = 60 * 1000): () => void {
   const interval = setInterval(async () => {
     try {
       const activeIds = getActiveSessionIds();

src/services/worker/SDKAgent.ts

@@ -281,7 +281,7 @@ export class SDKAgent {
     } finally {
       // Ensure subprocess is terminated after query completes (or on error)
       const tracked = getProcessBySession(session.sessionDbId);
-      if (tracked && !tracked.process.killed && tracked.process.exitCode === null) {
+      if (tracked && tracked.process.exitCode === null) {
         await ensureProcessExit(tracked, 5000);
       }
     }

src/services/worker/SessionManager.ts

@@ -302,7 +302,7 @@ export class SessionManager {
 
     // 3. Verify subprocess exit with 5s timeout (Issue #737 fix)
     const tracked = getProcessBySession(sessionDbId);
-    if (tracked && !tracked.process.killed && tracked.process.exitCode === null) {
+    if (tracked && tracked.process.exitCode === null) {
       logger.debug('SESSION', `Waiting for subprocess PID ${tracked.pid} to exit`, {
         sessionId: sessionDbId,
         pid: tracked.pid

tests/worker/process-registry.test.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,204 @@
+import { describe, it, expect, beforeEach, afterEach } from 'bun:test';
+import { EventEmitter } from 'events';
+import {
+  registerProcess,
+  unregisterProcess,
+  getProcessBySession,
+  getActiveCount,
+  getActiveProcesses,
+  waitForSlot,
+  ensureProcessExit,
+} from '../../src/services/worker/ProcessRegistry.js';
+
+/**
+ * Create a mock ChildProcess that behaves like a real one for testing.
+ * Supports exitCode, killed, kill(), and event emission.
+ */
+function createMockProcess(overrides: { exitCode?: number | null; killed?: boolean } = {}) {
+  const emitter = new EventEmitter();
+  const mock = Object.assign(emitter, {
+    pid: Math.floor(Math.random() * 100000) + 1000,
+    exitCode: overrides.exitCode ?? null,
+    killed: overrides.killed ?? false,
+    kill(signal?: string) {
+      mock.killed = true;
+      // Simulate async exit after kill
+      setTimeout(() => {
+        mock.exitCode = signal === 'SIGKILL' ? null : 0;
+        mock.emit('exit', mock.exitCode, signal || 'SIGTERM');
+      }, 10);
+      return true;
+    },
+    stdin: null,
+    stdout: null,
+    stderr: null,
+  });
+  return mock;
+}
+
+// Helper to clear registry between tests by unregistering all
+function clearRegistry() {
+  for (const p of getActiveProcesses()) {
+    unregisterProcess(p.pid);
+  }
+}
+
+describe('ProcessRegistry', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    clearRegistry();
+  });
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    clearRegistry();
+  });
+
+  describe('registerProcess / unregisterProcess', () => {
+    it('should register and track a process', () => {
+      const proc = createMockProcess();
+      registerProcess(proc.pid, 1, proc as any);
+      expect(getActiveCount()).toBe(1);
+      expect(getProcessBySession(1)).toBeDefined();
+    });
+
+    it('should unregister a process and free the slot', () => {
+      const proc = createMockProcess();
+      registerProcess(proc.pid, 1, proc as any);
+      unregisterProcess(proc.pid);
+      expect(getActiveCount()).toBe(0);
+      expect(getProcessBySession(1)).toBeUndefined();
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('getProcessBySession', () => {
+    it('should return undefined for unknown session', () => {
+      expect(getProcessBySession(999)).toBeUndefined();
+    });
+
+    it('should find process by session ID', () => {
+      const proc = createMockProcess();
+      registerProcess(proc.pid, 42, proc as any);
+      const found = getProcessBySession(42);
+      expect(found).toBeDefined();
+      expect(found!.pid).toBe(proc.pid);
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('waitForSlot', () => {
+    it('should resolve immediately when under limit', async () => {
+      await waitForSlot(2); // 0 processes, limit 2
+    });
+
+    it('should wait until a slot opens', async () => {
+      const proc1 = createMockProcess();
+      const proc2 = createMockProcess();
+      registerProcess(proc1.pid, 1, proc1 as any);
+      registerProcess(proc2.pid, 2, proc2 as any);
+
+      // Start waiting for slot (limit=2, both slots full)
+      const waitPromise = waitForSlot(2, 5000);
+
+      // Free a slot after 50ms
+      setTimeout(() => unregisterProcess(proc1.pid), 50);
+
+      await waitPromise; // Should resolve once slot freed
+      expect(getActiveCount()).toBe(1);
+    });
+
+    it('should throw on timeout when no slot opens', async () => {
+      const proc1 = createMockProcess();
+      const proc2 = createMockProcess();
+      registerProcess(proc1.pid, 1, proc1 as any);
+      registerProcess(proc2.pid, 2, proc2 as any);
+
+      await expect(waitForSlot(2, 100)).rejects.toThrow('Timed out waiting for agent pool slot');
+    });
+
+    it('should throw when hard cap (10) is exceeded', async () => {
+      // Register 10 processes to hit the hard cap
+      const procs = [];
+      for (let i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
+        const proc = createMockProcess();
+        registerProcess(proc.pid, i + 100, proc as any);
+        procs.push(proc);
+      }
+
+      await expect(waitForSlot(20)).rejects.toThrow('Hard cap exceeded');
+    });
+  });
+
+  describe('ensureProcessExit', () => {
+    it('should unregister immediately if exitCode is set', async () => {
+      const proc = createMockProcess({ exitCode: 0 });
+      registerProcess(proc.pid, 1, proc as any);
+
+      await ensureProcessExit({ pid: proc.pid, sessionDbId: 1, spawnedAt: Date.now(), process: proc as any });
+      expect(getActiveCount()).toBe(0);
+    });
+
+    it('should NOT treat proc.killed as exited — must wait for actual exit', async () => {
+      // This is the core bug fix: proc.killed=true but exitCode=null means NOT dead
+      const proc = createMockProcess({ killed: true, exitCode: null });
+      registerProcess(proc.pid, 1, proc as any);
+
+      // Override kill to simulate SIGKILL + delayed exit
+      proc.kill = (signal?: string) => {
+        proc.killed = true;
+        setTimeout(() => {
+          proc.exitCode = 0;
+          proc.emit('exit', 0, signal);
+        }, 20);
+        return true;
+      };
+
+      // ensureProcessExit should NOT short-circuit on proc.killed
+      // It should wait for exit event or timeout, then escalate to SIGKILL
+      const start = Date.now();
+      await ensureProcessExit({ pid: proc.pid, sessionDbId: 1, spawnedAt: Date.now(), process: proc as any }, 100);
+      expect(getActiveCount()).toBe(0);
+    });
+
+    it('should escalate to SIGKILL after timeout', async () => {
+      const proc = createMockProcess();
+      registerProcess(proc.pid, 1, proc as any);
+
+      // Override kill: only respond to SIGKILL
+      let sigkillSent = false;
+      proc.kill = (signal?: string) => {
+        proc.killed = true;
+        if (signal === 'SIGKILL') {
+          sigkillSent = true;
+          setTimeout(() => {
+            proc.exitCode = -1;
+            proc.emit('exit', -1, 'SIGKILL');
+          }, 10);
+        }
+        // Don't emit exit for non-SIGKILL signals (simulates stuck process)
+        return true;
+      };
+
+      await ensureProcessExit({ pid: proc.pid, sessionDbId: 1, spawnedAt: Date.now(), process: proc as any }, 100);
+      expect(sigkillSent).toBe(true);
+      expect(getActiveCount()).toBe(0);
+    });
+
+    it('should unregister even if process ignores SIGKILL (after 1s timeout)', async () => {
+      const proc = createMockProcess();
+      registerProcess(proc.pid, 1, proc as any);
+
+      // Override kill to never emit exit (completely stuck process)
+      proc.kill = () => {
+        proc.killed = true;
+        return true;
+      };
+
+      const start = Date.now();
+      await ensureProcessExit({ pid: proc.pid, sessionDbId: 1, spawnedAt: Date.now(), process: proc as any }, 100);
+      const elapsed = Date.now() - start;
+
+      // Should have waited ~100ms for graceful + ~1000ms for SIGKILL timeout
+      expect(elapsed).toBeGreaterThan(90);
+      // Process is unregistered regardless (safety net)
+      expect(getActiveCount()).toBe(0);
+    });
+  });
+});