Trigger

WASM peers now properly initiate relay connections instead of waiting for offers that lazy peers won't send.

.devcontainer/Dockerfile

@@ -1,15 +1,15 @@
-FROM golang:1.23-bullseye
+FROM golang:1.25-bookworm
 
 RUN apt-get update && export DEBIAN_FRONTEND=noninteractive \
     && apt-get -y install --no-install-recommends\
-        gettext-base=0.21-4 \ 
-        iptables=1.8.7-1 \
-        libgl1-mesa-dev=20.3.5-1 \
-        xorg-dev=1:7.7+22 \
-        libayatana-appindicator3-dev=0.5.5-2+deb11u2 \
+        gettext-base=0.21-12 \
+        iptables=1.8.9-2 \
+        libgl1-mesa-dev=22.3.6-1+deb12u1 \
+        xorg-dev=1:7.7+23 \
+        libayatana-appindicator3-dev=0.5.92-1 \
     && apt-get clean \
     && rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/* \
-    && go install -v golang.org/x/tools/gopls@v0.18.1
+    && go install -v golang.org/x/tools/gopls@latest
 
 
 WORKDIR /app

.github/workflows/golang-test-freebsd.yml

@@ -25,7 +25,7 @@ jobs:
           release: "14.2"
           prepare: |
             pkg install -y curl pkgconf xorg
-            GO_TARBALL="go1.24.10.freebsd-amd64.tar.gz"
+            GO_TARBALL="go1.25.3.freebsd-amd64.tar.gz"
             GO_URL="https://go.dev/dl/$GO_TARBALL"
             curl -vLO "$GO_URL"
             tar -C /usr/local -vxzf "$GO_TARBALL"            
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ jobs:
             # check all component except management, since we do not support management server on freebsd
             time go test -timeout 1m -failfast ./base62/...
             # NOTE: without -p1 `client/internal/dns` will fail because of `listen udp4 :33100: bind: address already in use`
-            time go test -timeout 8m -failfast -p 1 ./client/...
+            time go test -timeout 8m -failfast -v -p 1 ./client/...
             time go test -timeout 1m -failfast ./dns/...
             time go test -timeout 1m -failfast ./encryption/...
             time go test -timeout 1m -failfast ./formatter/...

.github/workflows/golang-test-linux.yml

@@ -200,7 +200,7 @@ jobs:
             -e GOCACHE=${CONTAINER_GOCACHE} \
             -e GOMODCACHE=${CONTAINER_GOMODCACHE} \
             -e CONTAINER=${CONTAINER} \
-            golang:1.24-alpine \
+            golang:1.25-alpine \
             sh -c ' \
               apk update; apk add --no-cache \
                 ca-certificates iptables ip6tables dbus dbus-dev libpcap-dev build-base; \
@@ -259,7 +259,7 @@ jobs:
           CGO_ENABLED=1 GOARCH=${{ matrix.arch }} \
           go test ${{ matrix.raceFlag }} \
             -exec 'sudo' \
-            -timeout 10m ./relay/... ./shared/relay/...
+            -timeout 10m -p 1 ./relay/... ./shared/relay/...
 
   test_signal:
     name: "Signal / Unit"

.github/workflows/golangci-lint.yml

@@ -52,7 +52,10 @@ jobs:
         if: matrix.os == 'ubuntu-latest'
         run: sudo apt update && sudo apt install -y -q libgtk-3-dev libayatana-appindicator3-dev libgl1-mesa-dev xorg-dev libpcap-dev
       - name: golangci-lint
-        uses: golangci/golangci-lint-action@v4
+        uses: golangci/golangci-lint-action@4afd733a84b1f43292c63897423277bb7f4313a9 # v8.0.0
         with:
           version: latest
-          args: --timeout=12m --out-format colored-line-number
+          skip-cache: true
+          skip-save-cache: true
+          cache-invalidation-interval: 0
+          args: --timeout=12m

.github/workflows/release.yml

@@ -32,7 +32,18 @@ jobs:
       - name: Generate FreeBSD port issue body
         run: bash release_files/freebsd-port-issue-body.sh
 
+      - name: Check if diff was generated
+        id: check_diff
+        run: |
+          if ls netbird-*.diff 1> /dev/null 2>&1; then
+            echo "diff_exists=true" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+          else
+            echo "diff_exists=false" >> $GITHUB_OUTPUT
+            echo "No diff file generated (port may already be up to date)"
+          fi
+
       - name: Extract version
+        if: steps.check_diff.outputs.diff_exists == 'true'
         id: version
         run: |
           VERSION=$(ls netbird-*.diff | sed 's/netbird-\(.*\)\.diff/\1/')
@@ -41,6 +52,7 @@ jobs:
           cat netbird-*.diff
 
       - name: Test FreeBSD port
+        if: steps.check_diff.outputs.diff_exists == 'true'
         uses: vmactions/freebsd-vm@v1
         with:
           usesh: true
@@ -51,7 +63,7 @@ jobs:
             pkg install -y git curl portlint go
 
             # Install Go for building
-            GO_TARBALL="go1.24.10.freebsd-amd64.tar.gz"
+            GO_TARBALL="go1.25.5.freebsd-amd64.tar.gz"
             GO_URL="https://go.dev/dl/$GO_TARBALL"
             curl -LO "$GO_URL"
             tar -C /usr/local -xzf "$GO_TARBALL"
@@ -92,6 +104,7 @@ jobs:
             echo "FreeBSD port test completed successfully!"
 
       - name: Upload FreeBSD port files
+        if: steps.check_diff.outputs.diff_exists == 'true'
         uses: actions/upload-artifact@v4
         with:
           name: freebsd-port-files

.github/workflows/test-infrastructure-files.yml

@@ -243,6 +243,7 @@ jobs:
         working-directory: infrastructure_files/artifacts
         run: |
           sleep 30
+          docker compose logs
           docker compose exec management ls -l /var/lib/netbird/ | grep -i GeoLite2-City_[0-9]*.mmdb
           docker compose exec management ls -l /var/lib/netbird/ | grep -i geonames_[0-9]*.db
 

.github/workflows/wasm-build-validation.yml

@@ -14,6 +14,9 @@ jobs:
   js_lint:
     name: "JS / Lint"
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    env:
+      GOOS: js
+      GOARCH: wasm
     steps:
       - name: Checkout repository
         uses: actions/checkout@v4
@@ -24,16 +27,14 @@ jobs:
       - name: Install dependencies
         run: sudo apt update && sudo apt install -y -q libgtk-3-dev libayatana-appindicator3-dev libgl1-mesa-dev xorg-dev libpcap-dev
       - name: Install golangci-lint
-        uses: golangci/golangci-lint-action@d6238b002a20823d52840fda27e2d4891c5952dc
+        uses: golangci/golangci-lint-action@4afd733a84b1f43292c63897423277bb7f4313a9 # v8.0.0
         with:
           version: latest
           install-mode: binary
           skip-cache: true
-          skip-pkg-cache: true
-          skip-build-cache: true
-      - name: Run golangci-lint for WASM
-        run: |
-          GOOS=js GOARCH=wasm golangci-lint run --timeout=12m --out-format colored-line-number ./client/...
+          skip-save-cache: true
+          cache-invalidation-interval: 0
+          working-directory: ./client
         continue-on-error: true
 
   js_build:

.gitignore

@@ -31,3 +31,4 @@ infrastructure_files/setup-*.env
 .DS_Store
 vendor/
 /netbird
+client/netbird-electron/

.golangci.yaml

@@ -1,139 +1,124 @@
-run:
-  # Timeout for analysis, e.g. 30s, 5m.
-  # Default: 1m
-  timeout: 6m
-
-# This file contains only configs which differ from defaults.
-# All possible options can be found here https://github.com/golangci/golangci-lint/blob/master/.golangci.reference.yml
-linters-settings:
-  errcheck:
-    # Report about not checking of errors in type assertions: `a := b.(MyStruct)`.
-    # Such cases aren't reported by default.
-    # Default: false
-    check-type-assertions: false
-
-  gosec:
-    includes:
-      - G101 # Look for hard coded credentials
-      #- G102 # Bind to all interfaces
-      - G103 # Audit the use of unsafe block
-      - G104 # Audit errors not checked
-      - G106 # Audit the use of ssh.InsecureIgnoreHostKey
-      #- G107 # Url provided to HTTP request as taint input
-      - G108 # Profiling endpoint automatically exposed on /debug/pprof
-      - G109 # Potential Integer overflow made by strconv.Atoi result conversion to int16/32
-      - G110 # Potential DoS vulnerability via decompression bomb
-      - G111 # Potential directory traversal
-      #- G112 # Potential slowloris attack
-      - G113 # Usage of Rat.SetString in math/big with an overflow (CVE-2022-23772)
-      #- G114 # Use of net/http serve function that has no support for setting timeouts
-      - G201 # SQL query construction using format string
-      - G202 # SQL query construction using string concatenation
-      - G203 # Use of unescaped data in HTML templates
-      #- G204 # Audit use of command execution
-      - G301 # Poor file permissions used when creating a directory
-      - G302 # Poor file permissions used with chmod
-      - G303 # Creating tempfile using a predictable path
-      - G304 # File path provided as taint input
-      - G305 # File traversal when extracting zip/tar archive
-      - G306 # Poor file permissions used when writing to a new file
-      - G307 # Poor file permissions used when creating a file with os.Create
-      #- G401 # Detect the usage of DES, RC4, MD5 or SHA1
-      #- G402 # Look for bad TLS connection settings
-      - G403 # Ensure minimum RSA key length of 2048 bits
-      #- G404 # Insecure random number source (rand)
-      #- G501 # Import blocklist: crypto/md5
-      - G502 # Import blocklist: crypto/des
-      - G503 # Import blocklist: crypto/rc4
-      - G504 # Import blocklist: net/http/cgi
-      #- G505 # Import blocklist: crypto/sha1
-      - G601 # Implicit memory aliasing of items from a range statement
-      - G602 # Slice access out of bounds
-
-  gocritic:
-    disabled-checks:
-      - commentFormatting
-      - captLocal
-      - deprecatedComment
-
-  govet:
-    # Enable all analyzers.
-    # Default: false
-    enable-all: false
-    enable:
-      - nilness
-
-  revive:
-    rules:
-      - name: exported
-        severity: warning
-        disabled: false
-        arguments:
-          - "checkPrivateReceivers"
-          - "sayRepetitiveInsteadOfStutters"
-  tenv:
-    # The option `all` will run against whole test files (`_test.go`) regardless of method/function signatures.
-    # Otherwise, only methods that take `*testing.T`, `*testing.B`, and `testing.TB` as arguments are checked.
-    # Default: false
-    all: true
-
+version: "2"
 linters:
-  disable-all: true
+  default: none
   enable:
-    ## enabled by default
-    - errcheck # checking for unchecked errors, these unchecked errors can be critical bugs in some cases
-    - gosimple # specializes in simplifying a code
-    - govet # reports suspicious constructs, such as Printf calls whose arguments do not align with the format string
-    - ineffassign # detects when assignments to existing variables are not used
-    - staticcheck # is a go vet on steroids, applying a ton of static analysis checks
-    - tenv # Tenv is analyzer that detects using os.Setenv instead of t.Setenv since Go1.17.
-    - typecheck # like the front-end of a Go compiler, parses and type-checks Go code
-    - unused # checks for unused constants, variables, functions and types
-    ## disable by default but the have interesting results so lets add them
-    - bodyclose # checks whether HTTP response body is closed successfully
-    - dupword # dupword checks for duplicate words in the source code
-    - durationcheck # durationcheck checks for two durations multiplied together
-    - forbidigo # forbidigo forbids identifiers
-    - gocritic # provides diagnostics that check for bugs, performance and style issues
-    - gosec # inspects source code for security problems
-    - mirror # mirror reports wrong mirror patterns of bytes/strings usage
-    - misspell # misspess finds commonly misspelled English words in comments
-    - nilerr # finds the code that returns nil even if it checks that the error is not nil
-    - nilnil # checks that there is no simultaneous return of nil error and an invalid value
-    - predeclared # predeclared finds code that shadows one of Go's predeclared identifiers
-    - revive # Fast, configurable, extensible, flexible, and beautiful linter for Go. Drop-in replacement of golint.
-    - sqlclosecheck # checks that sql.Rows and sql.Stmt are closed
-    # - thelper # thelper detects Go test helpers without t.Helper() call and checks the consistency of test helpers.
-    - wastedassign # wastedassign finds wasted assignment statements
+    - bodyclose
+    - dupword
+    - durationcheck
+    - errcheck
+    - forbidigo
+    - gocritic
+    - gosec
+    - govet
+    - ineffassign
+    - mirror
+    - misspell
+    - nilerr
+    - nilnil
+    - predeclared
+    - revive
+    - sqlclosecheck
+    - staticcheck
+    - unused
+    - wastedassign
+  settings:
+    errcheck:
+      check-type-assertions: false
+    gocritic:
+      disabled-checks:
+        - commentFormatting
+        - captLocal
+        - deprecatedComment
+    gosec:
+      includes:
+        - G101
+        - G103
+        - G104
+        - G106
+        - G108
+        - G109
+        - G110
+        - G111
+        - G201
+        - G202
+        - G203
+        - G301
+        - G302
+        - G303
+        - G304
+        - G305
+        - G306
+        - G307
+        - G403
+        - G502
+        - G503
+        - G504
+        - G601
+        - G602
+    govet:
+      enable:
+        - nilness
+      enable-all: false
+    revive:
+      rules:
+        - name: exported
+          arguments:
+            - checkPrivateReceivers
+            - sayRepetitiveInsteadOfStutters
+          severity: warning
+          disabled: false
+  exclusions:
+    generated: lax
+    presets:
+      - comments
+      - common-false-positives
+      - legacy
+      - std-error-handling
+    rules:
+      - linters:
+          - forbidigo
+        path: management/cmd/root\.go
+      - linters:
+          - forbidigo
+        path: signal/cmd/root\.go
+      - linters:
+          - unused
+        path: sharedsock/filter\.go
+      - linters:
+          - unused
+        path: client/firewall/iptables/rule\.go
+      - linters:
+          - gosec
+          - mirror
+        path: test\.go
+      - linters:
+          - nilnil
+        path: mock\.go
+      - linters:
+          - staticcheck
+        text: grpc.DialContext is deprecated
+      - linters:
+          - staticcheck
+        text: grpc.WithBlock is deprecated
+      - linters:
+          - staticcheck
+        text: "QF1001"
+      - linters:
+          - staticcheck
+        text: "QF1008"
+      - linters:
+          - staticcheck
+        text: "QF1012"
+    paths:
+      - third_party$
+      - builtin$
+      - examples$
 issues:
-  # Maximum count of issues with the same text.
-  # Set to 0 to disable.
-  # Default: 3
   max-same-issues: 5
-
-  exclude-rules:
-    # allow fmt
-    - path: management/cmd/root\.go
-      linters: forbidigo
-    - path: signal/cmd/root\.go
-      linters: forbidigo
-    - path: sharedsock/filter\.go
-      linters:
-      - unused
-    - path: client/firewall/iptables/rule\.go
-      linters:
-      - unused
-    - path: test\.go
-      linters:
-      - mirror
-      - gosec
-    - path: mock\.go
-      linters:
-      - nilnil
-    # Exclude specific deprecation warnings for grpc methods
-    - linters:
-       - staticcheck
-      text: "grpc.DialContext is deprecated"
-    - linters:
-        - staticcheck
-      text: "grpc.WithBlock is deprecated"
+formatters:
+  exclusions:
+    generated: lax
+    paths:
+      - third_party$
+      - builtin$
+      - examples$

.goreleaser.yaml

@@ -713,8 +713,10 @@ checksum:
   extra_files:
     - glob: ./infrastructure_files/getting-started-with-zitadel.sh
     - glob: ./release_files/install.sh
+    - glob: ./infrastructure_files/getting-started.sh
 
 release:
   extra_files:
     - glob: ./infrastructure_files/getting-started-with-zitadel.sh
     - glob: ./release_files/install.sh
+    - glob: ./infrastructure_files/getting-started.sh

README.md

@@ -38,6 +38,11 @@
  
 </strong>
 <br>
+<strong>
+  🚀 <a href="https://careers.netbird.io">We are hiring! Join us at careers.netbird.io</a>
+</strong>
+<br>
+<br>
 <a href="https://registry.terraform.io/providers/netbirdio/netbird/latest">
     New: NetBird terraform provider
   </a> 
@@ -85,7 +90,7 @@ Follow the [Advanced guide with a custom identity provider](https://docs.netbird
 
 **Infrastructure requirements:**
 - A Linux VM with at least **1CPU** and **2GB** of memory.
-- The VM should be publicly accessible on TCP ports **80** and **443** and UDP ports: **3478**, **49152-65535**.
+- The VM should be publicly accessible on TCP ports **80** and **443** and UDP port: **3478**.
 - **Public domain** name pointing to the VM.
 
 **Software requirements:**
@@ -98,7 +103,7 @@ Follow the [Advanced guide with a custom identity provider](https://docs.netbird
 **Steps**
 - Download and run the installation script:
 ```bash
-export NETBIRD_DOMAIN=netbird.example.com; curl -fsSL https://github.com/netbirdio/netbird/releases/latest/download/getting-started-with-zitadel.sh | bash
+export NETBIRD_DOMAIN=netbird.example.com; curl -fsSL https://github.com/netbirdio/netbird/releases/latest/download/getting-started.sh | bash
 ```
 - Once finished, you can manage the resources via `docker-compose`
 

client/cmd/debug.go

@@ -136,6 +136,7 @@ func setLogLevel(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 	client := proto.NewDaemonServiceClient(conn)
 	level := server.ParseLogLevel(args[0])
 	if level == proto.LogLevel_UNKNOWN {
+		//nolint
 		return fmt.Errorf("unknown log level: %s. Available levels are: panic, fatal, error, warn, info, debug, trace\n", args[0])
 	}
 

client/cmd/login.go

@@ -81,6 +81,7 @@ var loginCmd = &cobra.Command{
 func doDaemonLogin(ctx context.Context, cmd *cobra.Command, providedSetupKey string, activeProf *profilemanager.Profile, username string, pm *profilemanager.ProfileManager) error {
 	conn, err := DialClientGRPCServer(ctx, daemonAddr)
 	if err != nil {
+		//nolint
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to connect to daemon error: %v\n"+
 			"If the daemon is not running please run: "+
 			"\nnetbird service install \nnetbird service start\n", err)
@@ -206,6 +207,7 @@ func switchProfileOnDaemon(ctx context.Context, pm *profilemanager.ProfileManage
 func switchProfile(ctx context.Context, profileName string, username string) error {
 	conn, err := DialClientGRPCServer(ctx, daemonAddr)
 	if err != nil {
+		//nolint
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to connect to daemon error: %v\n"+
 			"If the daemon is not running please run: "+
 			"\nnetbird service install \nnetbird service start\n", err)

client/cmd/pprof.go

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 //go:build pprof
-// +build pprof
 
 package cmd
 

client/cmd/root.go

@@ -390,6 +390,7 @@ func getClient(cmd *cobra.Command) (*grpc.ClientConn, error) {
 
 	conn, err := DialClientGRPCServer(cmd.Context(), daemonAddr)
 	if err != nil {
+		//nolint
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to connect to daemon error: %v\n"+
 			"If the daemon is not running please run: "+
 			"\nnetbird service install \nnetbird service start\n", err)

client/cmd/ssh.go

@@ -634,7 +634,11 @@ func parseAndStartLocalForward(ctx context.Context, c *sshclient.Client, forward
 		return err
 	}
 
-	cmd.Printf("Local port forwarding: %s -> %s\n", localAddr, remoteAddr)
+	if err := validateDestinationPort(remoteAddr); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("invalid remote address: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	log.Debugf("Local port forwarding: %s -> %s", localAddr, remoteAddr)
 
 	go func() {
 		if err := c.LocalPortForward(ctx, localAddr, remoteAddr); err != nil && !errors.Is(err, context.Canceled) {
@@ -652,7 +656,11 @@ func parseAndStartRemoteForward(ctx context.Context, c *sshclient.Client, forwar
 		return err
 	}
 
-	cmd.Printf("Remote port forwarding: %s -> %s\n", remoteAddr, localAddr)
+	if err := validateDestinationPort(localAddr); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("invalid local address: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	log.Debugf("Remote port forwarding: %s -> %s", remoteAddr, localAddr)
 
 	go func() {
 		if err := c.RemotePortForward(ctx, remoteAddr, localAddr); err != nil && !errors.Is(err, context.Canceled) {
@@ -663,6 +671,35 @@ func parseAndStartRemoteForward(ctx context.Context, c *sshclient.Client, forwar
 	return nil
 }
 
+// validateDestinationPort checks that the destination address has a valid port.
+// Port 0 is only valid for bind addresses (where the OS picks an available port),
+// not for destination addresses where we need to connect.
+func validateDestinationPort(addr string) error {
+	if strings.HasPrefix(addr, "/") || strings.HasPrefix(addr, "./") {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	_, portStr, err := net.SplitHostPort(addr)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("parse address %s: %w", addr, err)
+	}
+
+	port, err := strconv.Atoi(portStr)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("invalid port %s: %w", portStr, err)
+	}
+
+	if port == 0 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("port 0 is not valid for destination address")
+	}
+
+	if port < 0 || port > 65535 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("port %d out of range (1-65535)", port)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
 // parsePortForwardSpec parses port forward specifications like "8080:localhost:80" or "[::1]:8080:localhost:80".
 // Also supports Unix sockets like "8080:/tmp/socket" or "127.0.0.1:8080:/tmp/socket".
 func parsePortForwardSpec(spec string) (string, string, error) {

client/cmd/status.go

@@ -124,6 +124,7 @@ func statusFunc(cmd *cobra.Command, args []string) error {
 func getStatus(ctx context.Context, shouldRunProbes bool) (*proto.StatusResponse, error) {
 	conn, err := DialClientGRPCServer(ctx, daemonAddr)
 	if err != nil {
+		//nolint
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to connect to daemon error: %v\n"+
 			"If the daemon is not running please run: "+
 			"\nnetbird service install \nnetbird service start\n", err)

client/cmd/testutil_test.go

@@ -89,9 +89,6 @@ func startManagement(t *testing.T, config *config.Config, testFile string) (*grp
 	t.Cleanup(cleanUp)
 
 	eventStore := &activity.InMemoryEventStore{}
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, nil
-	}
 
 	ctrl := gomock.NewController(t)
 	t.Cleanup(ctrl.Finish)
@@ -127,7 +124,7 @@ func startManagement(t *testing.T, config *config.Config, testFile string) (*grp
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}
-	mgmtServer, err := nbgrpc.NewServer(config, accountManager, settingsMockManager, secretsManager, nil, nil, &mgmt.MockIntegratedValidator{}, networkMapController)
+	mgmtServer, err := nbgrpc.NewServer(config, accountManager, settingsMockManager, secretsManager, nil, nil, &mgmt.MockIntegratedValidator{}, networkMapController, nil)
 	if err != nil {
 		t.Fatal(err)
 	}

client/cmd/up.go

@@ -216,6 +216,7 @@ func runInDaemonMode(ctx context.Context, cmd *cobra.Command, pm *profilemanager
 
 	conn, err := DialClientGRPCServer(ctx, daemonAddr)
 	if err != nil {
+		//nolint
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to connect to daemon error: %v\n"+
 			"If the daemon is not running please run: "+
 			"\nnetbird service install \nnetbird service start\n", err)

client/firewall/iptables/acl_linux.go

@@ -386,11 +386,8 @@ func (m *aclManager) updateState() {
 
 // filterRuleSpecs returns the specs of a filtering rule
 func filterRuleSpecs(ip net.IP, protocol string, sPort, dPort *firewall.Port, action firewall.Action, ipsetName string) (specs []string) {
-	matchByIP := true
 	// don't use IP matching if IP is 0.0.0.0
-	if ip.IsUnspecified() {
-		matchByIP = false
-	}
+	matchByIP := !ip.IsUnspecified()
 
 	if matchByIP {
 		if ipsetName != "" {

client/firewall/iptables/manager_linux_test.go

@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ func TestIptablesManagerDenyRules(t *testing.T) {
 			t.Logf("  [%d] %s", i, rule)
 		}
 
-		var denyRuleIndex, acceptRuleIndex int = -1, -1
+		var denyRuleIndex, acceptRuleIndex = -1, -1
 		for i, rule := range rules {
 			if strings.Contains(rule, "DROP") {
 				t.Logf("Found DROP rule at index %d: %s", i, rule)

client/firewall/nftables/manager_linux_test.go

@@ -198,7 +198,7 @@ func TestNftablesManagerRuleOrder(t *testing.T) {
 	t.Logf("Found %d rules in nftables chain", len(rules))
 
 	// Find the accept and deny rules and verify deny comes before accept
-	var acceptRuleIndex, denyRuleIndex int = -1, -1
+	var acceptRuleIndex, denyRuleIndex = -1, -1
 	for i, rule := range rules {
 		hasAcceptHTTPSet := false
 		hasDenyHTTPSet := false
@@ -208,11 +208,13 @@ func TestNftablesManagerRuleOrder(t *testing.T) {
 		for _, e := range rule.Exprs {
 			// Check for set lookup
 			if lookup, ok := e.(*expr.Lookup); ok {
-				if lookup.SetName == "accept-http" {
+				switch lookup.SetName {
+				case "accept-http":
 					hasAcceptHTTPSet = true
-				} else if lookup.SetName == "deny-http" {
+				case "deny-http":
 					hasDenyHTTPSet = true
 				}
+
 			}
 			// Check for port 80
 			if cmp, ok := e.(*expr.Cmp); ok {
@@ -222,9 +224,10 @@ func TestNftablesManagerRuleOrder(t *testing.T) {
 			}
 			// Check for verdict
 			if verdict, ok := e.(*expr.Verdict); ok {
-				if verdict.Kind == expr.VerdictAccept {
+				switch verdict.Kind {
+				case expr.VerdictAccept:
 					action = "ACCEPT"
-				} else if verdict.Kind == expr.VerdictDrop {
+				case expr.VerdictDrop:
 					action = "DROP"
 				}
 			}
@@ -386,6 +389,97 @@ func TestNftablesManagerCompatibilityWithIptables(t *testing.T) {
 	verifyIptablesOutput(t, stdout, stderr)
 }
 
+func TestNftablesManagerCompatibilityWithIptablesFor6kPrefixes(t *testing.T) {
+	if check() != NFTABLES {
+		t.Skip("nftables not supported on this system")
+	}
+
+	if _, err := exec.LookPath("iptables-save"); err != nil {
+		t.Skipf("iptables-save not available on this system: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// First ensure iptables-nft tables exist by running iptables-save
+	stdout, stderr := runIptablesSave(t)
+	verifyIptablesOutput(t, stdout, stderr)
+
+	manager, err := Create(ifaceMock, iface.DefaultMTU)
+	require.NoError(t, err, "failed to create manager")
+	require.NoError(t, manager.Init(nil))
+
+	t.Cleanup(func() {
+		err := manager.Close(nil)
+		require.NoError(t, err, "failed to reset manager state")
+
+		// Verify iptables output after reset
+		stdout, stderr := runIptablesSave(t)
+		verifyIptablesOutput(t, stdout, stderr)
+	})
+
+	const octet2Count = 25
+	const octet3Count = 255
+	prefixes := make([]netip.Prefix, 0, (octet2Count-1)*(octet3Count-1))
+	for i := 1; i < octet2Count; i++ {
+		for j := 1; j < octet3Count; j++ {
+			addr := netip.AddrFrom4([4]byte{192, byte(j), byte(i), 0})
+			prefixes = append(prefixes, netip.PrefixFrom(addr, 24))
+		}
+	}
+	_, err = manager.AddRouteFiltering(
+		nil,
+		prefixes,
+		fw.Network{Prefix: netip.MustParsePrefix("10.2.0.0/24")},
+		fw.ProtocolTCP,
+		nil,
+		&fw.Port{Values: []uint16{443}},
+		fw.ActionAccept,
+	)
+	require.NoError(t, err, "failed to add route filtering rule")
+
+	stdout, stderr = runIptablesSave(t)
+	verifyIptablesOutput(t, stdout, stderr)
+}
+
+func TestNftablesManagerCompatibilityWithIptablesForEmptyPrefixes(t *testing.T) {
+	if check() != NFTABLES {
+		t.Skip("nftables not supported on this system")
+	}
+
+	if _, err := exec.LookPath("iptables-save"); err != nil {
+		t.Skipf("iptables-save not available on this system: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// First ensure iptables-nft tables exist by running iptables-save
+	stdout, stderr := runIptablesSave(t)
+	verifyIptablesOutput(t, stdout, stderr)
+
+	manager, err := Create(ifaceMock, iface.DefaultMTU)
+	require.NoError(t, err, "failed to create manager")
+	require.NoError(t, manager.Init(nil))
+
+	t.Cleanup(func() {
+		err := manager.Close(nil)
+		require.NoError(t, err, "failed to reset manager state")
+
+		// Verify iptables output after reset
+		stdout, stderr := runIptablesSave(t)
+		verifyIptablesOutput(t, stdout, stderr)
+	})
+
+	_, err = manager.AddRouteFiltering(
+		nil,
+		[]netip.Prefix{},
+		fw.Network{Prefix: netip.MustParsePrefix("10.2.0.0/24")},
+		fw.ProtocolTCP,
+		nil,
+		&fw.Port{Values: []uint16{443}},
+		fw.ActionAccept,
+	)
+	require.NoError(t, err, "failed to add route filtering rule")
+
+	stdout, stderr = runIptablesSave(t)
+	verifyIptablesOutput(t, stdout, stderr)
+}
+
 func compareExprsIgnoringCounters(t *testing.T, got, want []expr.Any) {
 	t.Helper()
 	require.Equal(t, len(got), len(want), "expression count mismatch")

client/firewall/nftables/router_linux.go

@@ -48,9 +48,11 @@ const (
 
 	// ipTCPHeaderMinSize represents minimum IP (20) + TCP (20) header size for MSS calculation
 	ipTCPHeaderMinSize = 40
-)
 
-const refreshRulesMapError = "refresh rules map: %w"
+	// maxPrefixesSet 1638 prefixes start to fail, taking some margin
+	maxPrefixesSet       = 1500
+	refreshRulesMapError = "refresh rules map: %w"
+)
 
 var (
 	errFilterTableNotFound = fmt.Errorf("'filter' table not found")
@@ -513,16 +515,35 @@ func (r *router) createIpSet(setName string, input setInput) (*nftables.Set, err
 	}
 
 	elements := convertPrefixesToSet(prefixes)
-	if err := r.conn.AddSet(nfset, elements); err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("error adding elements to set %s: %w", setName, err)
-	}
+	nElements := len(elements)
 
+	maxElements := maxPrefixesSet * 2
+	initialElements := elements[:min(maxElements, nElements)]
+
+	if err := r.conn.AddSet(nfset, initialElements); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("error adding set %s: %w", setName, err)
+	}
 	if err := r.conn.Flush(); err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("flush error: %w", err)
 	}
+	log.Debugf("Created new ipset: %s with %d initial prefixes (total prefixes %d)", setName, len(initialElements)/2, len(prefixes))
 
-	log.Printf("Created new ipset: %s with %d elements", setName, len(elements)/2)
+	var subEnd int
+	for subStart := maxElements; subStart < nElements; subStart += maxElements {
+		subEnd = min(subStart+maxElements, nElements)
+		subElement := elements[subStart:subEnd]
+		nSubPrefixes := len(subElement) / 2
+		log.Tracef("Adding new prefixes (%d) in ipset: %s", nSubPrefixes, setName)
+		if err := r.conn.SetAddElements(nfset, subElement); err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("error adding prefixes (%d) to set %s: %w", nSubPrefixes, setName, err)
+		}
+		if err := r.conn.Flush(); err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("flush error: %w", err)
+		}
+		log.Debugf("Added new prefixes (%d) in ipset: %s", nSubPrefixes, setName)
+	}
 
+	log.Infof("Created new ipset: %s with %d prefixes", setName, len(prefixes))
 	return nfset, nil
 }
 

client/firewall/uspfilter/filter.go

@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ import (
 )
 
 const (
-	layerTypeAll = 0
+	layerTypeAll = 255
 
 	// ipTCPHeaderMinSize represents minimum IP (20) + TCP (20) header size for MSS calculation
 	ipTCPHeaderMinSize = 40
@@ -262,10 +262,7 @@ func create(iface common.IFaceMapper, nativeFirewall firewall.Manager, disableSe
 }
 
 func (m *Manager) blockInvalidRouted(iface common.IFaceMapper) (firewall.Rule, error) {
-	wgPrefix, err := netip.ParsePrefix(iface.Address().Network.String())
-	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("parse wireguard network: %w", err)
-	}
+	wgPrefix := iface.Address().Network
 	log.Debugf("blocking invalid routed traffic for %s", wgPrefix)
 
 	rule, err := m.addRouteFiltering(
@@ -439,19 +436,7 @@ func (m *Manager) AddPeerFiltering(
 	r.sPort = sPort
 	r.dPort = dPort
 
-	switch proto {
-	case firewall.ProtocolTCP:
-		r.protoLayer = layers.LayerTypeTCP
-	case firewall.ProtocolUDP:
-		r.protoLayer = layers.LayerTypeUDP
-	case firewall.ProtocolICMP:
-		r.protoLayer = layers.LayerTypeICMPv4
-		if r.ipLayer == layers.LayerTypeIPv6 {
-			r.protoLayer = layers.LayerTypeICMPv6
-		}
-	case firewall.ProtocolALL:
-		r.protoLayer = layerTypeAll
-	}
+	r.protoLayer = protoToLayer(proto, r.ipLayer)
 
 	m.mutex.Lock()
 	var targetMap map[netip.Addr]RuleSet
@@ -496,16 +481,17 @@ func (m *Manager) addRouteFiltering(
 	}
 
 	ruleID := uuid.New().String()
+
 	rule := RouteRule{
 		// TODO: consolidate these IDs
-		id:      ruleID,
-		mgmtId:  id,
-		sources: sources,
-		dstSet:  destination.Set,
-		proto:   proto,
-		srcPort: sPort,
-		dstPort: dPort,
-		action:  action,
+		id:         ruleID,
+		mgmtId:     id,
+		sources:    sources,
+		dstSet:     destination.Set,
+		protoLayer: protoToLayer(proto, layers.LayerTypeIPv4),
+		srcPort:    sPort,
+		dstPort:    dPort,
+		action:     action,
 	}
 	if destination.IsPrefix() {
 		rule.destinations = []netip.Prefix{destination.Prefix}
@@ -795,7 +781,7 @@ func (m *Manager) recalculateTCPChecksum(packetData []byte, d *decoder, tcpHeade
 	pseudoSum += uint32(d.ip4.Protocol)
 	pseudoSum += uint32(tcpLength)
 
-	var sum uint32 = pseudoSum
+	var sum = pseudoSum
 	for i := 0; i < tcpLength-1; i += 2 {
 		sum += uint32(tcpLayer[i])<<8 | uint32(tcpLayer[i+1])
 	}
@@ -945,7 +931,7 @@ func (m *Manager) filterInbound(packetData []byte, size int) bool {
 func (m *Manager) handleLocalTraffic(d *decoder, srcIP, dstIP netip.Addr, packetData []byte, size int) bool {
 	ruleID, blocked := m.peerACLsBlock(srcIP, d, packetData)
 	if blocked {
-		_, pnum := getProtocolFromPacket(d)
+		pnum := getProtocolFromPacket(d)
 		srcPort, dstPort := getPortsFromPacket(d)
 
 		m.logger.Trace6("Dropping local packet (ACL denied): rule_id=%s proto=%v src=%s:%d dst=%s:%d",
@@ -1010,20 +996,22 @@ func (m *Manager) handleRoutedTraffic(d *decoder, srcIP, dstIP netip.Addr, packe
 		return false
 	}
 
-	proto, pnum := getProtocolFromPacket(d)
+	protoLayer := d.decoded[1]
 	srcPort, dstPort := getPortsFromPacket(d)
 
-	ruleID, pass := m.routeACLsPass(srcIP, dstIP, proto, srcPort, dstPort)
+	ruleID, pass := m.routeACLsPass(srcIP, dstIP, protoLayer, srcPort, dstPort)
 	if !pass {
+		proto := getProtocolFromPacket(d)
+
 		m.logger.Trace6("Dropping routed packet (ACL denied): rule_id=%s proto=%v src=%s:%d dst=%s:%d",
-			ruleID, pnum, srcIP, srcPort, dstIP, dstPort)
+			ruleID, proto, srcIP, srcPort, dstIP, dstPort)
 
 		m.flowLogger.StoreEvent(nftypes.EventFields{
 			FlowID:     uuid.New(),
 			Type:       nftypes.TypeDrop,
 			RuleID:     ruleID,
 			Direction:  nftypes.Ingress,
-			Protocol:   pnum,
+			Protocol:   proto,
 			SourceIP:   srcIP,
 			DestIP:     dstIP,
 			SourcePort: srcPort,
@@ -1052,16 +1040,33 @@ func (m *Manager) handleRoutedTraffic(d *decoder, srcIP, dstIP netip.Addr, packe
 	return true
 }
 
-func getProtocolFromPacket(d *decoder) (firewall.Protocol, nftypes.Protocol) {
+func protoToLayer(proto firewall.Protocol, ipLayer gopacket.LayerType) gopacket.LayerType {
+	switch proto {
+	case firewall.ProtocolTCP:
+		return layers.LayerTypeTCP
+	case firewall.ProtocolUDP:
+		return layers.LayerTypeUDP
+	case firewall.ProtocolICMP:
+		if ipLayer == layers.LayerTypeIPv6 {
+			return layers.LayerTypeICMPv6
+		}
+		return layers.LayerTypeICMPv4
+	case firewall.ProtocolALL:
+		return layerTypeAll
+	}
+	return 0
+}
+
+func getProtocolFromPacket(d *decoder) nftypes.Protocol {
 	switch d.decoded[1] {
 	case layers.LayerTypeTCP:
-		return firewall.ProtocolTCP, nftypes.TCP
+		return nftypes.TCP
 	case layers.LayerTypeUDP:
-		return firewall.ProtocolUDP, nftypes.UDP
+		return nftypes.UDP
 	case layers.LayerTypeICMPv4, layers.LayerTypeICMPv6:
-		return firewall.ProtocolICMP, nftypes.ICMP
+		return nftypes.ICMP
 	default:
-		return firewall.ProtocolALL, nftypes.ProtocolUnknown
+		return nftypes.ProtocolUnknown
 	}
 }
 
@@ -1233,19 +1238,30 @@ func validateRule(ip netip.Addr, packetData []byte, rules map[string]PeerRule, d
 }
 
 // routeACLsPass returns true if the packet is allowed by the route ACLs
-func (m *Manager) routeACLsPass(srcIP, dstIP netip.Addr, proto firewall.Protocol, srcPort, dstPort uint16) ([]byte, bool) {
+func (m *Manager) routeACLsPass(srcIP, dstIP netip.Addr, protoLayer gopacket.LayerType, srcPort, dstPort uint16) ([]byte, bool) {
 	m.mutex.RLock()
 	defer m.mutex.RUnlock()
 
 	for _, rule := range m.routeRules {
-		if matches := m.ruleMatches(rule, srcIP, dstIP, proto, srcPort, dstPort); matches {
+		if matches := m.ruleMatches(rule, srcIP, dstIP, protoLayer, srcPort, dstPort); matches {
 			return rule.mgmtId, rule.action == firewall.ActionAccept
 		}
 	}
 	return nil, false
 }
 
-func (m *Manager) ruleMatches(rule *RouteRule, srcAddr, dstAddr netip.Addr, proto firewall.Protocol, srcPort, dstPort uint16) bool {
+func (m *Manager) ruleMatches(rule *RouteRule, srcAddr, dstAddr netip.Addr, protoLayer gopacket.LayerType, srcPort, dstPort uint16) bool {
+	// TODO: handle ipv6 vs ipv4 icmp rules
+	if rule.protoLayer != layerTypeAll && rule.protoLayer != protoLayer {
+		return false
+	}
+
+	if protoLayer == layers.LayerTypeTCP || protoLayer == layers.LayerTypeUDP {
+		if !portsMatch(rule.srcPort, srcPort) || !portsMatch(rule.dstPort, dstPort) {
+			return false
+		}
+	}
+
 	destMatched := false
 	for _, dst := range rule.destinations {
 		if dst.Contains(dstAddr) {
@@ -1264,21 +1280,8 @@ func (m *Manager) ruleMatches(rule *RouteRule, srcAddr, dstAddr netip.Addr, prot
 			break
 		}
 	}
-	if !sourceMatched {
-		return false
-	}
 
-	if rule.proto != firewall.ProtocolALL && rule.proto != proto {
-		return false
-	}
-
-	if proto == firewall.ProtocolTCP || proto == firewall.ProtocolUDP {
-		if !portsMatch(rule.srcPort, srcPort) || !portsMatch(rule.dstPort, dstPort) {
-			return false
-		}
-	}
-
-	return true
+	return sourceMatched
 }
 
 // AddUDPPacketHook calls hook when UDP packet from given direction matched

client/firewall/uspfilter/filter_bench_test.go

@@ -955,7 +955,7 @@ func BenchmarkRouteACLs(b *testing.B) {
 		for _, tc := range cases {
 			srcIP := netip.MustParseAddr(tc.srcIP)
 			dstIP := netip.MustParseAddr(tc.dstIP)
-			manager.routeACLsPass(srcIP, dstIP, tc.proto, 0, tc.dstPort)
+			manager.routeACLsPass(srcIP, dstIP, protoToLayer(tc.proto, layers.LayerTypeIPv4), 0, tc.dstPort)
 		}
 	}
 }

client/firewall/uspfilter/filter_filter_test.go

@@ -1259,7 +1259,7 @@ func TestRouteACLFiltering(t *testing.T) {
 
 			// testing routeACLsPass only and not FilterInbound, as routed packets are dropped after being passed
 			// to the forwarder
-			_, isAllowed := manager.routeACLsPass(srcIP, dstIP, tc.proto, tc.srcPort, tc.dstPort)
+			_, isAllowed := manager.routeACLsPass(srcIP, dstIP, protoToLayer(tc.proto, layers.LayerTypeIPv4), tc.srcPort, tc.dstPort)
 			require.Equal(t, tc.shouldPass, isAllowed)
 		})
 	}
@@ -1445,7 +1445,7 @@ func TestRouteACLOrder(t *testing.T) {
 				srcIP := netip.MustParseAddr(p.srcIP)
 				dstIP := netip.MustParseAddr(p.dstIP)
 
-				_, isAllowed := manager.routeACLsPass(srcIP, dstIP, p.proto, p.srcPort, p.dstPort)
+				_, isAllowed := manager.routeACLsPass(srcIP, dstIP, protoToLayer(p.proto, layers.LayerTypeIPv4), p.srcPort, p.dstPort)
 				require.Equal(t, p.shouldPass, isAllowed, "packet %d failed", i)
 			}
 		})
@@ -1488,13 +1488,13 @@ func TestRouteACLSet(t *testing.T) {
 	dstIP := netip.MustParseAddr("192.168.1.100")
 
 	// Check that traffic is dropped (empty set shouldn't match anything)
-	_, isAllowed := manager.routeACLsPass(srcIP, dstIP, fw.ProtocolTCP, 12345, 80)
+	_, isAllowed := manager.routeACLsPass(srcIP, dstIP, protoToLayer(fw.ProtocolTCP, layers.LayerTypeIPv4), 12345, 80)
 	require.False(t, isAllowed, "Empty set should not allow any traffic")
 
 	err = manager.UpdateSet(set, []netip.Prefix{netip.MustParsePrefix("192.168.1.0/24")})
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 
 	// Now the packet should be allowed
-	_, isAllowed = manager.routeACLsPass(srcIP, dstIP, fw.ProtocolTCP, 12345, 80)
+	_, isAllowed = manager.routeACLsPass(srcIP, dstIP, protoToLayer(fw.ProtocolTCP, layers.LayerTypeIPv4), 12345, 80)
 	require.True(t, isAllowed, "After set update, traffic to the added network should be allowed")
 }

client/firewall/uspfilter/filter_test.go

@@ -767,9 +767,9 @@ func TestUpdateSetMerge(t *testing.T) {
 	dstIP2 := netip.MustParseAddr("192.168.1.100")
 	dstIP3 := netip.MustParseAddr("172.16.0.100")
 
-	_, isAllowed1 := manager.routeACLsPass(srcIP, dstIP1, fw.ProtocolTCP, 12345, 80)
-	_, isAllowed2 := manager.routeACLsPass(srcIP, dstIP2, fw.ProtocolTCP, 12345, 80)
-	_, isAllowed3 := manager.routeACLsPass(srcIP, dstIP3, fw.ProtocolTCP, 12345, 80)
+	_, isAllowed1 := manager.routeACLsPass(srcIP, dstIP1, protoToLayer(fw.ProtocolTCP, layers.LayerTypeIPv4), 12345, 80)
+	_, isAllowed2 := manager.routeACLsPass(srcIP, dstIP2, protoToLayer(fw.ProtocolTCP, layers.LayerTypeIPv4), 12345, 80)
+	_, isAllowed3 := manager.routeACLsPass(srcIP, dstIP3, protoToLayer(fw.ProtocolTCP, layers.LayerTypeIPv4), 12345, 80)
 
 	require.True(t, isAllowed1, "Traffic to 10.0.0.100 should be allowed")
 	require.True(t, isAllowed2, "Traffic to 192.168.1.100 should be allowed")
@@ -784,8 +784,8 @@ func TestUpdateSetMerge(t *testing.T) {
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 
 	// Check that all original prefixes are still included
-	_, isAllowed1 = manager.routeACLsPass(srcIP, dstIP1, fw.ProtocolTCP, 12345, 80)
-	_, isAllowed2 = manager.routeACLsPass(srcIP, dstIP2, fw.ProtocolTCP, 12345, 80)
+	_, isAllowed1 = manager.routeACLsPass(srcIP, dstIP1, protoToLayer(fw.ProtocolTCP, layers.LayerTypeIPv4), 12345, 80)
+	_, isAllowed2 = manager.routeACLsPass(srcIP, dstIP2, protoToLayer(fw.ProtocolTCP, layers.LayerTypeIPv4), 12345, 80)
 	require.True(t, isAllowed1, "Traffic to 10.0.0.100 should still be allowed after update")
 	require.True(t, isAllowed2, "Traffic to 192.168.1.100 should still be allowed after update")
 
@@ -793,8 +793,8 @@ func TestUpdateSetMerge(t *testing.T) {
 	dstIP4 := netip.MustParseAddr("172.16.1.100")
 	dstIP5 := netip.MustParseAddr("10.1.0.50")
 
-	_, isAllowed4 := manager.routeACLsPass(srcIP, dstIP4, fw.ProtocolTCP, 12345, 80)
-	_, isAllowed5 := manager.routeACLsPass(srcIP, dstIP5, fw.ProtocolTCP, 12345, 80)
+	_, isAllowed4 := manager.routeACLsPass(srcIP, dstIP4, protoToLayer(fw.ProtocolTCP, layers.LayerTypeIPv4), 12345, 80)
+	_, isAllowed5 := manager.routeACLsPass(srcIP, dstIP5, protoToLayer(fw.ProtocolTCP, layers.LayerTypeIPv4), 12345, 80)
 
 	require.True(t, isAllowed4, "Traffic to new prefix 172.16.0.0/16 should be allowed")
 	require.True(t, isAllowed5, "Traffic to new prefix 10.1.0.0/24 should be allowed")
@@ -922,7 +922,7 @@ func TestUpdateSetDeduplication(t *testing.T) {
 
 	srcIP := netip.MustParseAddr("100.10.0.1")
 	for _, tc := range testCases {
-		_, isAllowed := manager.routeACLsPass(srcIP, tc.dstIP, fw.ProtocolTCP, 12345, 80)
+		_, isAllowed := manager.routeACLsPass(srcIP, tc.dstIP, protoToLayer(fw.ProtocolTCP, layers.LayerTypeIPv4), 12345, 80)
 		require.Equal(t, tc.expected, isAllowed, tc.desc)
 	}
 }

client/firewall/uspfilter/forwarder/endpoint.go

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ package forwarder
 
 import (
 	"fmt"
+	"sync/atomic"
 
 	wgdevice "golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard/device"
 	"gvisor.dev/gvisor/pkg/tcpip"
@@ -16,7 +17,7 @@ type endpoint struct {
 	logger     *nblog.Logger
 	dispatcher stack.NetworkDispatcher
 	device     *wgdevice.Device
-	mtu        uint32
+	mtu        atomic.Uint32
 }
 
 func (e *endpoint) Attach(dispatcher stack.NetworkDispatcher) {
@@ -28,7 +29,7 @@ func (e *endpoint) IsAttached() bool {
 }
 
 func (e *endpoint) MTU() uint32 {
-	return e.mtu
+	return e.mtu.Load()
 }
 
 func (e *endpoint) Capabilities() stack.LinkEndpointCapabilities {
@@ -82,6 +83,22 @@ func (e *endpoint) ParseHeader(*stack.PacketBuffer) bool {
 	return true
 }
 
+func (e *endpoint) Close() {
+	// Endpoint cleanup - nothing to do as device is managed externally
+}
+
+func (e *endpoint) SetLinkAddress(tcpip.LinkAddress) {
+	// Link address is not used for this endpoint type
+}
+
+func (e *endpoint) SetMTU(mtu uint32) {
+	e.mtu.Store(mtu)
+}
+
+func (e *endpoint) SetOnCloseAction(func()) {
+	// No action needed on close
+}
+
 type epID stack.TransportEndpointID
 
 func (i epID) String() string {

client/firewall/uspfilter/forwarder/forwarder.go

@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@ import (
 	"net/netip"
 	"runtime"
 	"sync"
+	"time"
 
 	log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 	"gvisor.dev/gvisor/pkg/buffer"
@@ -35,14 +36,16 @@ type Forwarder struct {
 	logger     *nblog.Logger
 	flowLogger nftypes.FlowLogger
 	// ruleIdMap is used to store the rule ID for a given connection
-	ruleIdMap    sync.Map
-	stack        *stack.Stack
-	endpoint     *endpoint
-	udpForwarder *udpForwarder
-	ctx          context.Context
-	cancel       context.CancelFunc
-	ip           tcpip.Address
-	netstack     bool
+	ruleIdMap        sync.Map
+	stack            *stack.Stack
+	endpoint         *endpoint
+	udpForwarder     *udpForwarder
+	ctx              context.Context
+	cancel           context.CancelFunc
+	ip               tcpip.Address
+	netstack         bool
+	hasRawICMPAccess bool
+	pingSemaphore    chan struct{}
 }
 
 func New(iface common.IFaceMapper, logger *nblog.Logger, flowLogger nftypes.FlowLogger, netstack bool, mtu uint16) (*Forwarder, error) {
@@ -60,8 +63,8 @@ func New(iface common.IFaceMapper, logger *nblog.Logger, flowLogger nftypes.Flow
 	endpoint := &endpoint{
 		logger: logger,
 		device: iface.GetWGDevice(),
-		mtu:    uint32(mtu),
 	}
+	endpoint.mtu.Store(uint32(mtu))
 
 	if err := s.CreateNIC(nicID, endpoint); err != nil {
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("create NIC: %v", err)
@@ -103,15 +106,16 @@ func New(iface common.IFaceMapper, logger *nblog.Logger, flowLogger nftypes.Flow
 
 	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
 	f := &Forwarder{
-		logger:       logger,
-		flowLogger:   flowLogger,
-		stack:        s,
-		endpoint:     endpoint,
-		udpForwarder: newUDPForwarder(mtu, logger, flowLogger),
-		ctx:          ctx,
-		cancel:       cancel,
-		netstack:     netstack,
-		ip:           tcpip.AddrFromSlice(iface.Address().IP.AsSlice()),
+		logger:        logger,
+		flowLogger:    flowLogger,
+		stack:         s,
+		endpoint:      endpoint,
+		udpForwarder:  newUDPForwarder(mtu, logger, flowLogger),
+		ctx:           ctx,
+		cancel:        cancel,
+		netstack:      netstack,
+		ip:            tcpip.AddrFromSlice(iface.Address().IP.AsSlice()),
+		pingSemaphore: make(chan struct{}, 3),
 	}
 
 	receiveWindow := defaultReceiveWindow
@@ -129,6 +133,8 @@ func New(iface common.IFaceMapper, logger *nblog.Logger, flowLogger nftypes.Flow
 
 	s.SetTransportProtocolHandler(icmp.ProtocolNumber4, f.handleICMP)
 
+	f.checkICMPCapability()
+
 	log.Debugf("forwarder: Initialization complete with NIC %d", nicID)
 	return f, nil
 }
@@ -198,3 +204,24 @@ func buildKey(srcIP, dstIP netip.Addr, srcPort, dstPort uint16) conntrack.ConnKe
 		DstPort: dstPort,
 	}
 }
+
+// checkICMPCapability tests whether we have raw ICMP socket access at startup.
+func (f *Forwarder) checkICMPCapability() {
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 100*time.Millisecond)
+	defer cancel()
+
+	lc := net.ListenConfig{}
+	conn, err := lc.ListenPacket(ctx, "ip4:icmp", "0.0.0.0")
+	if err != nil {
+		f.hasRawICMPAccess = false
+		f.logger.Debug("forwarder: No raw ICMP socket access, will use ping binary fallback")
+		return
+	}
+
+	if err := conn.Close(); err != nil {
+		f.logger.Debug1("forwarder: Failed to close ICMP capability test socket: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	f.hasRawICMPAccess = true
+	f.logger.Debug("forwarder: Raw ICMP socket access available")
+}

client/firewall/uspfilter/forwarder/icmp.go

@@ -2,8 +2,11 @@ package forwarder
 
 import (
 	"context"
+	"fmt"
 	"net"
 	"net/netip"
+	"os/exec"
+	"runtime"
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/google/uuid"
@@ -14,30 +17,95 @@ import (
 )
 
 // handleICMP handles ICMP packets from the network stack
-func (f *Forwarder) handleICMP(id stack.TransportEndpointID, pkt stack.PacketBufferPtr) bool {
+func (f *Forwarder) handleICMP(id stack.TransportEndpointID, pkt *stack.PacketBuffer) bool {
 	icmpHdr := header.ICMPv4(pkt.TransportHeader().View().AsSlice())
-	icmpType := uint8(icmpHdr.Type())
-	icmpCode := uint8(icmpHdr.Code())
-
-	if header.ICMPv4Type(icmpType) == header.ICMPv4EchoReply {
-		// dont process our own replies
-		return true
-	}
 
 	flowID := uuid.New()
-	f.sendICMPEvent(nftypes.TypeStart, flowID, id, icmpType, icmpCode, 0, 0)
+	f.sendICMPEvent(nftypes.TypeStart, flowID, id, uint8(icmpHdr.Type()), uint8(icmpHdr.Code()), 0, 0)
 
-	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(f.ctx, 5*time.Second)
+	// For Echo Requests, send and wait for response
+	if icmpHdr.Type() == header.ICMPv4Echo {
+		return f.handleICMPEcho(flowID, id, pkt, uint8(icmpHdr.Type()), uint8(icmpHdr.Code()))
+	}
+
+	// For other ICMP types (Time Exceeded, Destination Unreachable, etc), forward without waiting
+	if !f.hasRawICMPAccess {
+		f.logger.Debug2("forwarder: Cannot handle ICMP type %v without raw socket access for %v", icmpHdr.Type(), epID(id))
+		return false
+	}
+
+	icmpData := stack.PayloadSince(pkt.TransportHeader()).AsSlice()
+	conn, err := f.forwardICMPPacket(id, icmpData, uint8(icmpHdr.Type()), uint8(icmpHdr.Code()), 100*time.Millisecond)
+	if err != nil {
+		f.logger.Error2("forwarder: Failed to forward ICMP packet for %v: %v", epID(id), err)
+		return true
+	}
+	if err := conn.Close(); err != nil {
+		f.logger.Debug1("forwarder: Failed to close ICMP socket: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	return true
+}
+
+// handleICMPEcho handles ICMP echo requests asynchronously with rate limiting.
+func (f *Forwarder) handleICMPEcho(flowID uuid.UUID, id stack.TransportEndpointID, pkt *stack.PacketBuffer, icmpType, icmpCode uint8) bool {
+	select {
+	case f.pingSemaphore <- struct{}{}:
+		icmpData := stack.PayloadSince(pkt.TransportHeader()).ToSlice()
+		rxBytes := pkt.Size()
+
+		go func() {
+			defer func() { <-f.pingSemaphore }()
+
+			if f.hasRawICMPAccess {
+				f.handleICMPViaSocket(flowID, id, icmpType, icmpCode, icmpData, rxBytes)
+			} else {
+				f.handleICMPViaPing(flowID, id, icmpType, icmpCode, icmpData, rxBytes)
+			}
+		}()
+	default:
+		f.logger.Debug3("forwarder: ICMP rate limit exceeded for %v type %v code %v",
+			epID(id), icmpType, icmpCode)
+	}
+	return true
+}
+
+// forwardICMPPacket creates a raw ICMP socket and sends the packet, returning the connection.
+// The caller is responsible for closing the returned connection.
+func (f *Forwarder) forwardICMPPacket(id stack.TransportEndpointID, payload []byte, icmpType, icmpCode uint8, timeout time.Duration) (net.PacketConn, error) {
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(f.ctx, timeout)
 	defer cancel()
 
 	lc := net.ListenConfig{}
-	// TODO: support non-root
 	conn, err := lc.ListenPacket(ctx, "ip4:icmp", "0.0.0.0")
 	if err != nil {
-		f.logger.Error2("forwarder: Failed to create ICMP socket for %v: %v", epID(id), err)
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("create ICMP socket: %w", err)
+	}
 
-		// This will make netstack reply on behalf of the original destination, that's ok for now
-		return false
+	dstIP := f.determineDialAddr(id.LocalAddress)
+	dst := &net.IPAddr{IP: dstIP}
+
+	if _, err = conn.WriteTo(payload, dst); err != nil {
+		if closeErr := conn.Close(); closeErr != nil {
+			f.logger.Debug1("forwarder: Failed to close ICMP socket: %v", closeErr)
+		}
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("write ICMP packet: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	f.logger.Trace3("forwarder: Forwarded ICMP packet %v type %v code %v",
+		epID(id), icmpType, icmpCode)
+
+	return conn, nil
+}
+
+// handleICMPViaSocket handles ICMP echo requests using raw sockets.
+func (f *Forwarder) handleICMPViaSocket(flowID uuid.UUID, id stack.TransportEndpointID, icmpType, icmpCode uint8, icmpData []byte, rxBytes int) {
+	sendTime := time.Now()
+
+	conn, err := f.forwardICMPPacket(id, icmpData, icmpType, icmpCode, 5*time.Second)
+	if err != nil {
+		f.logger.Error2("forwarder: Failed to send ICMP packet for %v: %v", epID(id), err)
+		return
 	}
 	defer func() {
 		if err := conn.Close(); err != nil {
@@ -45,38 +113,22 @@ func (f *Forwarder) handleICMP(id stack.TransportEndpointID, pkt stack.PacketBuf
 		}
 	}()
 
-	dstIP := f.determineDialAddr(id.LocalAddress)
-	dst := &net.IPAddr{IP: dstIP}
+	txBytes := f.handleEchoResponse(conn, id)
+	rtt := time.Since(sendTime).Round(10 * time.Microsecond)
 
-	fullPacket := stack.PayloadSince(pkt.TransportHeader())
-	payload := fullPacket.AsSlice()
+	f.logger.Trace4("forwarder: Forwarded ICMP echo reply %v type %v code %v (rtt=%v, raw socket)",
+		epID(id), icmpType, icmpCode, rtt)
 
-	if _, err = conn.WriteTo(payload, dst); err != nil {
-		f.logger.Error2("forwarder: Failed to write ICMP packet for %v: %v", epID(id), err)
-		return true
-	}
-
-	f.logger.Trace3("forwarder: Forwarded ICMP packet %v type %v code %v",
-		epID(id), icmpHdr.Type(), icmpHdr.Code())
-
-	// For Echo Requests, send and handle response
-	if header.ICMPv4Type(icmpType) == header.ICMPv4Echo {
-		rxBytes := pkt.Size()
-		txBytes := f.handleEchoResponse(icmpHdr, conn, id)
-		f.sendICMPEvent(nftypes.TypeEnd, flowID, id, icmpType, icmpCode, uint64(rxBytes), uint64(txBytes))
-	}
-
-	// For other ICMP types (Time Exceeded, Destination Unreachable, etc) do nothing
-	return true
+	f.sendICMPEvent(nftypes.TypeEnd, flowID, id, icmpType, icmpCode, uint64(rxBytes), uint64(txBytes))
 }
 
-func (f *Forwarder) handleEchoResponse(icmpHdr header.ICMPv4, conn net.PacketConn, id stack.TransportEndpointID) int {
+func (f *Forwarder) handleEchoResponse(conn net.PacketConn, id stack.TransportEndpointID) int {
 	if err := conn.SetReadDeadline(time.Now().Add(5 * time.Second)); err != nil {
 		f.logger.Error1("forwarder: Failed to set read deadline for ICMP response: %v", err)
 		return 0
 	}
 
-	response := make([]byte, f.endpoint.mtu)
+	response := make([]byte, f.endpoint.mtu.Load())
 	n, _, err := conn.ReadFrom(response)
 	if err != nil {
 		if !isTimeout(err) {
@@ -85,31 +137,7 @@ func (f *Forwarder) handleEchoResponse(icmpHdr header.ICMPv4, conn net.PacketCon
 		return 0
 	}
 
-	ipHdr := make([]byte, header.IPv4MinimumSize)
-	ip := header.IPv4(ipHdr)
-	ip.Encode(&header.IPv4Fields{
-		TotalLength: uint16(header.IPv4MinimumSize + n),
-		TTL:         64,
-		Protocol:    uint8(header.ICMPv4ProtocolNumber),
-		SrcAddr:     id.LocalAddress,
-		DstAddr:     id.RemoteAddress,
-	})
-	ip.SetChecksum(^ip.CalculateChecksum())
-
-	fullPacket := make([]byte, 0, len(ipHdr)+n)
-	fullPacket = append(fullPacket, ipHdr...)
-	fullPacket = append(fullPacket, response[:n]...)
-
-	if err := f.InjectIncomingPacket(fullPacket); err != nil {
-		f.logger.Error1("forwarder: Failed to inject ICMP response: %v", err)
-
-		return 0
-	}
-
-	f.logger.Trace3("forwarder: Forwarded ICMP echo reply for %v type %v code %v",
-		epID(id), icmpHdr.Type(), icmpHdr.Code())
-
-	return len(fullPacket)
+	return f.injectICMPReply(id, response[:n])
 }
 
 // sendICMPEvent stores flow events for ICMP packets
@@ -152,3 +180,95 @@ func (f *Forwarder) sendICMPEvent(typ nftypes.Type, flowID uuid.UUID, id stack.T
 
 	f.flowLogger.StoreEvent(fields)
 }
+
+// handleICMPViaPing handles ICMP echo requests by executing the system ping binary.
+// This is used as a fallback when raw socket access is not available.
+func (f *Forwarder) handleICMPViaPing(flowID uuid.UUID, id stack.TransportEndpointID, icmpType, icmpCode uint8, icmpData []byte, rxBytes int) {
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(f.ctx, 5*time.Second)
+	defer cancel()
+
+	dstIP := f.determineDialAddr(id.LocalAddress)
+	cmd := buildPingCommand(ctx, dstIP, 5*time.Second)
+
+	pingStart := time.Now()
+	if err := cmd.Run(); err != nil {
+		f.logger.Warn4("forwarder: Ping binary failed for %v type %v code %v: %v", epID(id),
+			icmpType, icmpCode, err)
+		return
+	}
+	rtt := time.Since(pingStart).Round(10 * time.Microsecond)
+
+	f.logger.Trace3("forwarder: Forwarded ICMP echo request %v type %v code %v",
+		epID(id), icmpType, icmpCode)
+
+	txBytes := f.synthesizeEchoReply(id, icmpData)
+
+	f.logger.Trace4("forwarder: Forwarded ICMP echo reply %v type %v code %v (rtt=%v, ping binary)",
+		epID(id), icmpType, icmpCode, rtt)
+
+	f.sendICMPEvent(nftypes.TypeEnd, flowID, id, icmpType, icmpCode, uint64(rxBytes), uint64(txBytes))
+}
+
+// buildPingCommand creates a platform-specific ping command.
+func buildPingCommand(ctx context.Context, target net.IP, timeout time.Duration) *exec.Cmd {
+	timeoutSec := int(timeout.Seconds())
+	if timeoutSec < 1 {
+		timeoutSec = 1
+	}
+
+	switch runtime.GOOS {
+	case "linux", "android":
+		return exec.CommandContext(ctx, "ping", "-c", "1", "-W", fmt.Sprintf("%d", timeoutSec), "-q", target.String())
+	case "darwin", "ios":
+		return exec.CommandContext(ctx, "ping", "-c", "1", "-t", fmt.Sprintf("%d", timeoutSec), "-q", target.String())
+	case "freebsd":
+		return exec.CommandContext(ctx, "ping", "-c", "1", "-t", fmt.Sprintf("%d", timeoutSec), target.String())
+	case "openbsd", "netbsd":
+		return exec.CommandContext(ctx, "ping", "-c", "1", "-w", fmt.Sprintf("%d", timeoutSec), target.String())
+	case "windows":
+		return exec.CommandContext(ctx, "ping", "-n", "1", "-w", fmt.Sprintf("%d", timeoutSec*1000), target.String())
+	default:
+		return exec.CommandContext(ctx, "ping", "-c", "1", target.String())
+	}
+}
+
+// synthesizeEchoReply creates an ICMP echo reply from raw ICMP data and injects it back into the network stack.
+// Returns the size of the injected packet.
+func (f *Forwarder) synthesizeEchoReply(id stack.TransportEndpointID, icmpData []byte) int {
+	replyICMP := make([]byte, len(icmpData))
+	copy(replyICMP, icmpData)
+
+	replyICMPHdr := header.ICMPv4(replyICMP)
+	replyICMPHdr.SetType(header.ICMPv4EchoReply)
+	replyICMPHdr.SetChecksum(0)
+	replyICMPHdr.SetChecksum(header.ICMPv4Checksum(replyICMPHdr, 0))
+
+	return f.injectICMPReply(id, replyICMP)
+}
+
+// injectICMPReply wraps an ICMP payload in an IP header and injects it into the network stack.
+// Returns the total size of the injected packet, or 0 if injection failed.
+func (f *Forwarder) injectICMPReply(id stack.TransportEndpointID, icmpPayload []byte) int {
+	ipHdr := make([]byte, header.IPv4MinimumSize)
+	ip := header.IPv4(ipHdr)
+	ip.Encode(&header.IPv4Fields{
+		TotalLength: uint16(header.IPv4MinimumSize + len(icmpPayload)),
+		TTL:         64,
+		Protocol:    uint8(header.ICMPv4ProtocolNumber),
+		SrcAddr:     id.LocalAddress,
+		DstAddr:     id.RemoteAddress,
+	})
+	ip.SetChecksum(^ip.CalculateChecksum())
+
+	fullPacket := make([]byte, 0, len(ipHdr)+len(icmpPayload))
+	fullPacket = append(fullPacket, ipHdr...)
+	fullPacket = append(fullPacket, icmpPayload...)
+
+	// Bypass netstack and send directly to peer to avoid looping through our ICMP handler
+	if err := f.endpoint.device.CreateOutboundPacket(fullPacket, id.RemoteAddress.AsSlice()); err != nil {
+		f.logger.Error1("forwarder: Failed to send ICMP reply to peer: %v", err)
+		return 0
+	}
+
+	return len(fullPacket)
+}

client/firewall/uspfilter/forwarder/udp.go

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
+	"io"
 	"net"
 	"net/netip"
 	"sync"
@@ -131,10 +132,10 @@ func (f *udpForwarder) cleanup() {
 }
 
 // handleUDP is called by the UDP forwarder for new packets
-func (f *Forwarder) handleUDP(r *udp.ForwarderRequest) {
+func (f *Forwarder) handleUDP(r *udp.ForwarderRequest) bool {
 	if f.ctx.Err() != nil {
 		f.logger.Trace("forwarder: context done, dropping UDP packet")
-		return
+		return false
 	}
 
 	id := r.ID()
@@ -144,7 +145,7 @@ func (f *Forwarder) handleUDP(r *udp.ForwarderRequest) {
 	f.udpForwarder.RUnlock()
 	if exists {
 		f.logger.Trace1("forwarder: existing UDP connection for %v", epID(id))
-		return
+		return true
 	}
 
 	flowID := uuid.New()
@@ -162,7 +163,7 @@ func (f *Forwarder) handleUDP(r *udp.ForwarderRequest) {
 	if err != nil {
 		f.logger.Debug2("forwarder: UDP dial error for %v: %v", epID(id), err)
 		// TODO: Send ICMP error message
-		return
+		return false
 	}
 
 	// Create wait queue for blocking syscalls
@@ -173,10 +174,10 @@ func (f *Forwarder) handleUDP(r *udp.ForwarderRequest) {
 		if err := outConn.Close(); err != nil {
 			f.logger.Debug2("forwarder: UDP outConn close error for %v: %v", epID(id), err)
 		}
-		return
+		return false
 	}
 
-	inConn := gonet.NewUDPConn(f.stack, &wq, ep)
+	inConn := gonet.NewUDPConn(&wq, ep)
 	connCtx, connCancel := context.WithCancel(f.ctx)
 
 	pConn := &udpPacketConn{
@@ -199,7 +200,7 @@ func (f *Forwarder) handleUDP(r *udp.ForwarderRequest) {
 		if err := outConn.Close(); err != nil {
 			f.logger.Debug2("forwarder: UDP outConn close error for %v: %v", epID(id), err)
 		}
-		return
+		return true
 	}
 	f.udpForwarder.conns[id] = pConn
 	f.udpForwarder.Unlock()
@@ -208,6 +209,7 @@ func (f *Forwarder) handleUDP(r *udp.ForwarderRequest) {
 	f.logger.Trace1("forwarder: established UDP connection %v", epID(id))
 
 	go f.proxyUDP(connCtx, pConn, id, ep)
+	return true
 }
 
 func (f *Forwarder) proxyUDP(ctx context.Context, pConn *udpPacketConn, id stack.TransportEndpointID, ep tcpip.Endpoint) {
@@ -348,7 +350,7 @@ func (c *udpPacketConn) copy(ctx context.Context, dst net.Conn, src net.Conn, bu
 }
 
 func isClosedError(err error) bool {
-	return errors.Is(err, net.ErrClosed) || errors.Is(err, context.Canceled)
+	return errors.Is(err, net.ErrClosed) || errors.Is(err, context.Canceled) || errors.Is(err, io.EOF)
 }
 
 func isTimeout(err error) bool {

client/firewall/uspfilter/localip.go

@@ -130,6 +130,7 @@ func (m *localIPManager) UpdateLocalIPs(iface common.IFaceMapper) (err error) {
 	// 127.0.0.0/8
 	newIPv4Bitmap[127] = &ipv4LowBitmap{}
 	for i := 0; i < 8192; i++ {
+		// #nosec G602 -- bitmap is defined as [8192]uint32, loop range is correct
 		newIPv4Bitmap[127].bitmap[i] = 0xFFFFFFFF
 	}
 

client/firewall/uspfilter/localip_test.go

@@ -218,7 +218,7 @@ func BenchmarkIPChecks(b *testing.B) {
 		b.ResetTimer()
 		for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
 			// nolint:gosimple
-			_, _ = mapManager.localIPs[ip.String()]
+			_ = mapManager.localIPs[ip.String()]
 		}
 	})
 
@@ -227,7 +227,7 @@ func BenchmarkIPChecks(b *testing.B) {
 		b.ResetTimer()
 		for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
 			// nolint:gosimple
-			_, _ = mapManager.localIPs[ip.String()]
+			_ = mapManager.localIPs[ip.String()]
 		}
 	})
 }

client/firewall/uspfilter/log/log.go

@@ -168,6 +168,15 @@ func (l *Logger) Warn3(format string, arg1, arg2, arg3 any) {
 	}
 }
 
+func (l *Logger) Warn4(format string, arg1, arg2, arg3, arg4 any) {
+	if l.level.Load() >= uint32(LevelWarn) {
+		select {
+		case l.msgChannel <- logMessage{level: LevelWarn, format: format, arg1: arg1, arg2: arg2, arg3: arg3, arg4: arg4}:
+		default:
+		}
+	}
+}
+
 func (l *Logger) Debug1(format string, arg1 any) {
 	if l.level.Load() >= uint32(LevelDebug) {
 		select {

client/firewall/uspfilter/nat_test.go

@@ -234,9 +234,10 @@ func TestInboundPortDNATNegative(t *testing.T) {
 			require.False(t, translated, "Packet should NOT be translated for %s", tc.name)
 
 			d = parsePacket(t, packet)
-			if tc.protocol == layers.IPProtocolTCP {
+			switch tc.protocol {
+			case layers.IPProtocolTCP:
 				require.Equal(t, tc.dstPort, uint16(d.tcp.DstPort), "Port should remain unchanged")
-			} else if tc.protocol == layers.IPProtocolUDP {
+			case layers.IPProtocolUDP:
 				require.Equal(t, tc.dstPort, uint16(d.udp.DstPort), "Port should remain unchanged")
 			}
 		})

client/firewall/uspfilter/rule.go

@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ type RouteRule struct {
 	sources      []netip.Prefix
 	dstSet       firewall.Set
 	destinations []netip.Prefix
-	proto        firewall.Protocol
+	protoLayer   gopacket.LayerType
 	srcPort      *firewall.Port
 	dstPort      *firewall.Port
 	action       firewall.Action

client/firewall/uspfilter/tracer.go

@@ -379,9 +379,9 @@ func (m *Manager) handleNativeRouter(trace *PacketTrace) *PacketTrace {
 }
 
 func (m *Manager) handleRouteACLs(trace *PacketTrace, d *decoder, srcIP, dstIP netip.Addr) *PacketTrace {
-	proto, _ := getProtocolFromPacket(d)
+	protoLayer := d.decoded[1]
 	srcPort, dstPort := getPortsFromPacket(d)
-	id, allowed := m.routeACLsPass(srcIP, dstIP, proto, srcPort, dstPort)
+	id, allowed := m.routeACLsPass(srcIP, dstIP, protoLayer, srcPort, dstPort)
 
 	strId := string(id)
 	if id == nil {

client/iface/bind/ice_bind.go

@@ -27,8 +27,23 @@ type receiverCreator struct {
 	iceBind *ICEBind
 }
 
-func (rc receiverCreator) CreateIPv4ReceiverFn(pc *ipv4.PacketConn, conn *net.UDPConn, rxOffload bool, msgPool *sync.Pool) wgConn.ReceiveFunc {
-	return rc.iceBind.createIPv4ReceiverFn(pc, conn, rxOffload, msgPool)
+func (rc receiverCreator) CreateReceiverFn(pc wgConn.BatchReader, conn *net.UDPConn, rxOffload bool, msgPool *sync.Pool) wgConn.ReceiveFunc {
+	if ipv4PC, ok := pc.(*ipv4.PacketConn); ok {
+		return rc.iceBind.createIPv4ReceiverFn(ipv4PC, conn, rxOffload, msgPool)
+	}
+	// IPv6 is currently not supported in the udpmux, this is a stub for compatibility with the
+	// wireguard-go ReceiverCreator interface which is called for both IPv4 and IPv6.
+	return func(bufs [][]byte, sizes []int, eps []wgConn.Endpoint) (n int, err error) {
+		buf := bufs[0]
+		size, ep, err := conn.ReadFromUDPAddrPort(buf)
+		if err != nil {
+			return 0, err
+		}
+		sizes[0] = size
+		stdEp := &wgConn.StdNetEndpoint{AddrPort: ep}
+		eps[0] = stdEp
+		return 1, nil
+	}
 }
 
 // ICEBind is a bind implementation with two main features:

client/iface/device/device_ios.go

@@ -1,9 +1,7 @@
-//go:build ios
-// +build ios
-
 package device
 
 import (
+	"fmt"
 	"os"
 
 	log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
@@ -45,10 +43,31 @@ func NewTunDevice(name string, address wgaddr.Address, port int, key string, mtu
 	}
 }
 
+// ErrInvalidTunnelFD is returned when the tunnel file descriptor is invalid (0).
+// This typically means the Swift code couldn't find the utun control socket.
+var ErrInvalidTunnelFD = fmt.Errorf("invalid tunnel file descriptor: fd is 0 (Swift failed to locate utun socket)")
+
 func (t *TunDevice) Create() (WGConfigurer, error) {
 	log.Infof("create tun interface")
 
-	dupTunFd, err := unix.Dup(t.tunFd)
+	var tunDevice tun.Device
+	var err error
+
+	// Validate the tunnel file descriptor.
+	// On iOS/tvOS, the FD must be provided by the NEPacketTunnelProvider.
+	// A value of 0 means the Swift code couldn't find the utun control socket
+	// (the low-level APIs like ctl_info, sockaddr_ctl may not be exposed in
+	// tvOS SDK headers). This is a hard error - there's no viable fallback
+	// since tun.CreateTUN() cannot work within the iOS/tvOS sandbox.
+	if t.tunFd == 0 {
+		log.Errorf("Tunnel file descriptor is 0 - Swift code failed to locate the utun control socket. " +
+			"On tvOS, ensure the NEPacketTunnelProvider is properly configured and the tunnel is started.")
+		return nil, ErrInvalidTunnelFD
+	}
+
+	// Normal iOS/tvOS path: use the provided file descriptor from NEPacketTunnelProvider
+	var dupTunFd int
+	dupTunFd, err = unix.Dup(t.tunFd)
 	if err != nil {
 		log.Errorf("Unable to dup tun fd: %v", err)
 		return nil, err
@@ -60,7 +79,7 @@ func (t *TunDevice) Create() (WGConfigurer, error) {
 		_ = unix.Close(dupTunFd)
 		return nil, err
 	}
-	tunDevice, err := tun.CreateTUNFromFile(os.NewFile(uintptr(dupTunFd), "/dev/tun"), 0)
+	tunDevice, err = tun.CreateTUNFromFile(os.NewFile(uintptr(dupTunFd), "/dev/tun"), 0)
 	if err != nil {
 		log.Errorf("Unable to create new tun device from fd: %v", err)
 		_ = unix.Close(dupTunFd)

client/iface/wgproxy/factory_kernel.go

@@ -3,12 +3,19 @@
 package wgproxy
 
 import (
+	"os"
+	"strconv"
+
 	log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/iface/wgproxy/ebpf"
 	udpProxy "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/iface/wgproxy/udp"
 )
 
+const (
+	envDisableEBPFWGProxy = "NB_DISABLE_EBPF_WG_PROXY"
+)
+
 type KernelFactory struct {
 	wgPort int
 	mtu    uint16
@@ -22,6 +29,12 @@ func NewKernelFactory(wgPort int, mtu uint16) *KernelFactory {
 		mtu:    mtu,
 	}
 
+	if isEBPFDisabled() {
+		log.Infof("WireGuard Proxy Factory will produce UDP proxy")
+		log.Infof("eBPF WireGuard proxy is disabled via %s environment variable", envDisableEBPFWGProxy)
+		return f
+	}
+
 	ebpfProxy := ebpf.NewWGEBPFProxy(wgPort, mtu)
 	if err := ebpfProxy.Listen(); err != nil {
 		log.Infof("WireGuard Proxy Factory will produce UDP proxy")
@@ -47,3 +60,16 @@ func (w *KernelFactory) Free() error {
 	}
 	return w.ebpfProxy.Free()
 }
+
+func isEBPFDisabled() bool {
+	val := os.Getenv(envDisableEBPFWGProxy)
+	if val == "" {
+		return false
+	}
+	disabled, err := strconv.ParseBool(val)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Warnf("failed to parse %s: %v", envDisableEBPFWGProxy, err)
+		return false
+	}
+	return disabled
+}

client/internal/debug/debug_linux.go

@@ -507,15 +507,13 @@ func formatPayloadWithCmp(p *expr.Payload, cmp *expr.Cmp) string {
 	if p.Base == expr.PayloadBaseNetworkHeader {
 		switch p.Offset {
 		case 12:
-			if p.Len == 4 {
-				return fmt.Sprintf("ip saddr %s %s", formatCmpOp(cmp.Op), formatIPBytes(cmp.Data))
-			} else if p.Len == 2 {
+			switch p.Len {
+			case 4, 2:
 				return fmt.Sprintf("ip saddr %s %s", formatCmpOp(cmp.Op), formatIPBytes(cmp.Data))
 			}
 		case 16:
-			if p.Len == 4 {
-				return fmt.Sprintf("ip daddr %s %s", formatCmpOp(cmp.Op), formatIPBytes(cmp.Data))
-			} else if p.Len == 2 {
+			switch p.Len {
+			case 4, 2:
 				return fmt.Sprintf("ip daddr %s %s", formatCmpOp(cmp.Op), formatIPBytes(cmp.Data))
 			}
 		}

client/internal/dns.go

@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ func collectPTRRecords(config *nbdns.Config, prefix netip.Prefix) []nbdns.Simple
 	var records []nbdns.SimpleRecord
 
 	for _, zone := range config.CustomZones {
-		if zone.SkipPTRProcess {
+		if zone.NonAuthoritative {
 			continue
 		}
 		for _, record := range zone.Records {

client/internal/dns/handler_chain.go

@@ -3,11 +3,15 @@ package dns
 import (
 	"fmt"
 	"slices"
+	"strconv"
 	"strings"
 	"sync"
+	"time"
 
 	"github.com/miekg/dns"
 	log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
+
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/dns/resutil"
 )
 
 const (
@@ -43,7 +47,23 @@ type HandlerChain struct {
 type ResponseWriterChain struct {
 	dns.ResponseWriter
 	origPattern    string
+	requestID      string
 	shouldContinue bool
+	response       *dns.Msg
+	meta           map[string]string
+}
+
+// RequestID returns the request ID for tracing
+func (w *ResponseWriterChain) RequestID() string {
+	return w.requestID
+}
+
+// SetMeta sets a metadata key-value pair for logging
+func (w *ResponseWriterChain) SetMeta(key, value string) {
+	if w.meta == nil {
+		w.meta = make(map[string]string)
+	}
+	w.meta[key] = value
 }
 
 func (w *ResponseWriterChain) WriteMsg(m *dns.Msg) error {
@@ -52,6 +72,7 @@ func (w *ResponseWriterChain) WriteMsg(m *dns.Msg) error {
 		w.shouldContinue = true
 		return nil
 	}
+	w.response = m
 	return w.ResponseWriter.WriteMsg(m)
 }
 
@@ -101,6 +122,8 @@ func (c *HandlerChain) AddHandler(pattern string, handler dns.Handler, priority
 
 	pos := c.findHandlerPosition(entry)
 	c.handlers = append(c.handlers[:pos], append([]HandlerEntry{entry}, c.handlers[pos:]...)...)
+
+	c.logHandlers()
 }
 
 // findHandlerPosition determines where to insert a new handler based on priority and specificity
@@ -140,68 +163,109 @@ func (c *HandlerChain) removeEntry(pattern string, priority int) {
 	for i := len(c.handlers) - 1; i >= 0; i-- {
 		entry := c.handlers[i]
 		if strings.EqualFold(entry.OrigPattern, pattern) && entry.Priority == priority {
+			log.Debugf("removing handler pattern: domain=%s priority=%d", entry.OrigPattern, priority)
 			c.handlers = append(c.handlers[:i], c.handlers[i+1:]...)
+			c.logHandlers()
 			break
 		}
 	}
 }
 
+// logHandlers logs the current handler chain state. Caller must hold the lock.
+func (c *HandlerChain) logHandlers() {
+	if !log.IsLevelEnabled(log.TraceLevel) {
+		return
+	}
+
+	var b strings.Builder
+	b.WriteString("handler chain (" + strconv.Itoa(len(c.handlers)) + "):\n")
+	for _, h := range c.handlers {
+		b.WriteString("  - pattern: domain=" + h.Pattern + " original: domain=" + h.OrigPattern +
+			" wildcard=" + strconv.FormatBool(h.IsWildcard) +
+			" match_subdomain=" + strconv.FormatBool(h.MatchSubdomains) +
+			" priority=" + strconv.Itoa(h.Priority) + "\n")
+	}
+	log.Trace(strings.TrimSuffix(b.String(), "\n"))
+}
+
 func (c *HandlerChain) ServeDNS(w dns.ResponseWriter, r *dns.Msg) {
 	if len(r.Question) == 0 {
 		return
 	}
 
-	qname := strings.ToLower(r.Question[0].Name)
+	startTime := time.Now()
+	requestID := resutil.GenerateRequestID()
+	logger := log.WithFields(log.Fields{
+		"request_id": requestID,
+		"dns_id":     fmt.Sprintf("%04x", r.Id),
+	})
+
+	question := r.Question[0]
+	qname := strings.ToLower(question.Name)
 
 	c.mu.RLock()
 	handlers := slices.Clone(c.handlers)
 	c.mu.RUnlock()
 
-	if log.IsLevelEnabled(log.TraceLevel) {
-		var b strings.Builder
-		b.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("DNS request domain=%s, handlers (%d):\n", qname, len(handlers)))
-		for _, h := range handlers {
-			b.WriteString(fmt.Sprintf("  - pattern: domain=%s original: domain=%s wildcard=%v match_subdomain=%v priority=%d\n",
-				h.Pattern, h.OrigPattern, h.IsWildcard, h.MatchSubdomains, h.Priority))
-		}
-		log.Trace(strings.TrimSuffix(b.String(), "\n"))
-	}
-
 	// Try handlers in priority order
 	for _, entry := range handlers {
-		matched := c.isHandlerMatch(qname, entry)
-
-		if matched {
-			log.Tracef("handler matched: domain=%s -> pattern=%s wildcard=%v match_subdomain=%v priority=%d",
-				qname, entry.OrigPattern, entry.IsWildcard, entry.MatchSubdomains, entry.Priority)
-
-			chainWriter := &ResponseWriterChain{
-				ResponseWriter: w,
-				origPattern:    entry.OrigPattern,
-			}
-			entry.Handler.ServeDNS(chainWriter, r)
-
-			// If handler wants to continue, try next handler
-			if chainWriter.shouldContinue {
-				// Only log continue for non-management cache handlers to reduce noise
-				if entry.Priority != PriorityMgmtCache {
-					log.Tracef("handler requested continue to next handler for domain=%s", qname)
-				}
-				continue
-			}
-			return
+		if !c.isHandlerMatch(qname, entry) {
+			continue
 		}
+
+		handlerName := entry.OrigPattern
+		if s, ok := entry.Handler.(interface{ String() string }); ok {
+			handlerName = s.String()
+		}
+
+		logger.Tracef("question: domain=%s type=%s class=%s -> handler=%s pattern=%s wildcard=%v match_subdomain=%v priority=%d",
+			qname, dns.TypeToString[question.Qtype], dns.ClassToString[question.Qclass],
+			handlerName, entry.OrigPattern, entry.IsWildcard, entry.MatchSubdomains, entry.Priority)
+
+		chainWriter := &ResponseWriterChain{
+			ResponseWriter: w,
+			origPattern:    entry.OrigPattern,
+			requestID:      requestID,
+		}
+		entry.Handler.ServeDNS(chainWriter, r)
+
+		// If handler wants to continue, try next handler
+		if chainWriter.shouldContinue {
+			if entry.Priority != PriorityMgmtCache {
+				logger.Tracef("handler requested continue for domain=%s", qname)
+			}
+			continue
+		}
+
+		c.logResponse(logger, chainWriter, qname, startTime)
+		return
 	}
 
 	// No handler matched or all handlers passed
-	log.Tracef("no handler found for domain=%s", qname)
+	logger.Tracef("no handler found for domain=%s type=%s class=%s",
+		qname, dns.TypeToString[question.Qtype], dns.ClassToString[question.Qclass])
 	resp := &dns.Msg{}
 	resp.SetRcode(r, dns.RcodeRefused)
 	if err := w.WriteMsg(resp); err != nil {
-		log.Errorf("failed to write DNS response: %v", err)
+		logger.Errorf("failed to write DNS response: %v", err)
 	}
 }
 
+func (c *HandlerChain) logResponse(logger *log.Entry, cw *ResponseWriterChain, qname string, startTime time.Time) {
+	if cw.response == nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	var meta string
+	for k, v := range cw.meta {
+		meta += " " + k + "=" + v
+	}
+
+	logger.Tracef("response: domain=%s rcode=%s answers=%s%s took=%s",
+		qname, dns.RcodeToString[cw.response.Rcode], resutil.FormatAnswers(cw.response.Answer),
+		meta, time.Since(startTime))
+}
+
 func (c *HandlerChain) isHandlerMatch(qname string, entry HandlerEntry) bool {
 	switch {
 	case entry.Pattern == ".":

client/internal/dns/local/local.go

@@ -1,30 +1,52 @@
 package local
 
 import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
 	"fmt"
+	"net"
+	"net/netip"
 	"slices"
 	"strings"
 	"sync"
+	"time"
 
 	"github.com/miekg/dns"
 	log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 	"golang.org/x/exp/maps"
 
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/dns/resutil"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/dns/types"
 	nbdns "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/dns"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/shared/management/domain"
 )
 
+const externalResolutionTimeout = 4 * time.Second
+
+type resolver interface {
+	LookupNetIP(ctx context.Context, network, host string) ([]netip.Addr, error)
+}
+
 type Resolver struct {
 	mu      sync.RWMutex
 	records map[dns.Question][]dns.RR
 	domains map[domain.Domain]struct{}
+	// zones maps zone domain -> NonAuthoritative (true = non-authoritative, user-created zone)
+	zones    map[domain.Domain]bool
+	resolver resolver
+
+	ctx    context.Context
+	cancel context.CancelFunc
 }
 
 func NewResolver() *Resolver {
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(context.Background())
 	return &Resolver{
 		records: make(map[dns.Question][]dns.RR),
 		domains: make(map[domain.Domain]struct{}),
+		zones:   make(map[domain.Domain]bool),
+		ctx:     ctx,
+		cancel:  cancel,
 	}
 }
 
@@ -37,7 +59,18 @@ func (d *Resolver) String() string {
 	return fmt.Sprintf("LocalResolver [%d records]", len(d.records))
 }
 
-func (d *Resolver) Stop() {}
+func (d *Resolver) Stop() {
+	if d.cancel != nil {
+		d.cancel()
+	}
+
+	d.mu.Lock()
+	defer d.mu.Unlock()
+
+	maps.Clear(d.records)
+	maps.Clear(d.domains)
+	maps.Clear(d.zones)
+}
 
 // ID returns the unique handler ID
 func (d *Resolver) ID() types.HandlerID {
@@ -48,35 +81,85 @@ func (d *Resolver) ProbeAvailability() {}
 
 // ServeDNS handles a DNS request
 func (d *Resolver) ServeDNS(w dns.ResponseWriter, r *dns.Msg) {
+	logger := log.WithField("request_id", resutil.GetRequestID(w))
+
 	if len(r.Question) == 0 {
-		log.Debugf("received local resolver request with no question")
+		logger.Debug("received local resolver request with no question")
 		return
 	}
 	question := r.Question[0]
 	question.Name = strings.ToLower(dns.Fqdn(question.Name))
 
-	log.Tracef("received local question: domain=%s type=%v class=%v", r.Question[0].Name, question.Qtype, question.Qclass)
-
 	replyMessage := &dns.Msg{}
 	replyMessage.SetReply(r)
 	replyMessage.RecursionAvailable = true
 
-	// lookup all records matching the question
-	records := d.lookupRecords(question)
-	if len(records) > 0 {
-		replyMessage.Rcode = dns.RcodeSuccess
-		replyMessage.Answer = append(replyMessage.Answer, records...)
-	} else {
-		// Check if we have any records for this domain name with different types
-		if d.hasRecordsForDomain(domain.Domain(question.Name)) {
-			replyMessage.Rcode = dns.RcodeSuccess // NOERROR with 0 records
-		} else {
-			replyMessage.Rcode = dns.RcodeNameError // NXDOMAIN
-		}
+	result := d.lookupRecords(logger, question)
+	replyMessage.Authoritative = !result.hasExternalData
+	replyMessage.Answer = result.records
+	replyMessage.Rcode = d.determineRcode(question, result)
+
+	if replyMessage.Rcode == dns.RcodeNameError && d.shouldFallthrough(question.Name) {
+		d.continueToNext(logger, w, r)
+		return
 	}
 
 	if err := w.WriteMsg(replyMessage); err != nil {
-		log.Warnf("failed to write the local resolver response: %v", err)
+		logger.Warnf("failed to write the local resolver response: %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
+// determineRcode returns the appropriate DNS response code.
+// Per RFC 6604, CNAME chains should return the rcode of the final target resolution,
+// even if CNAME records are included in the answer.
+func (d *Resolver) determineRcode(question dns.Question, result lookupResult) int {
+	// Use the rcode from lookup - this properly handles CNAME chains where
+	// the target may be NXDOMAIN or SERVFAIL even though we have CNAME records
+	if result.rcode != 0 {
+		return result.rcode
+	}
+
+	// No records found, but domain exists with different record types (NODATA)
+	if d.hasRecordsForDomain(domain.Domain(question.Name)) {
+		return dns.RcodeSuccess
+	}
+
+	return dns.RcodeNameError
+}
+
+// findZone finds the matching zone for a query name using reverse suffix lookup.
+// Returns (nonAuthoritative, found). This is O(k) where k = number of labels in qname.
+func (d *Resolver) findZone(qname string) (nonAuthoritative bool, found bool) {
+	qname = strings.ToLower(dns.Fqdn(qname))
+	for {
+		if nonAuth, ok := d.zones[domain.Domain(qname)]; ok {
+			return nonAuth, true
+		}
+		// Move to parent domain
+		idx := strings.Index(qname, ".")
+		if idx == -1 || idx == len(qname)-1 {
+			return false, false
+		}
+		qname = qname[idx+1:]
+	}
+}
+
+// shouldFallthrough checks if the query should fallthrough to the next handler.
+// Returns true if the queried name belongs to a non-authoritative zone.
+func (d *Resolver) shouldFallthrough(qname string) bool {
+	d.mu.RLock()
+	defer d.mu.RUnlock()
+
+	nonAuth, found := d.findZone(qname)
+	return found && nonAuth
+}
+
+func (d *Resolver) continueToNext(logger *log.Entry, w dns.ResponseWriter, r *dns.Msg) {
+	resp := &dns.Msg{}
+	resp.SetRcode(r, dns.RcodeNameError)
+	resp.MsgHdr.Zero = true
+	if err := w.WriteMsg(resp); err != nil {
+		logger.Warnf("failed to write continue signal: %v", err)
 	}
 }
 
@@ -89,8 +172,27 @@ func (d *Resolver) hasRecordsForDomain(domainName domain.Domain) bool {
 	return exists
 }
 
+// isInManagedZone checks if the given name falls within any of our managed zones.
+// This is used to avoid unnecessary external resolution for CNAME targets that
+// are within zones we manage - if we don't have a record for it, it doesn't exist.
+// Caller must NOT hold the lock.
+func (d *Resolver) isInManagedZone(name string) bool {
+	d.mu.RLock()
+	defer d.mu.RUnlock()
+
+	_, found := d.findZone(name)
+	return found
+}
+
+// lookupResult contains the result of a DNS lookup operation.
+type lookupResult struct {
+	records         []dns.RR
+	rcode           int
+	hasExternalData bool
+}
+
 // lookupRecords fetches *all* DNS records matching the first question in r.
-func (d *Resolver) lookupRecords(question dns.Question) []dns.RR {
+func (d *Resolver) lookupRecords(logger *log.Entry, question dns.Question) lookupResult {
 	d.mu.RLock()
 	records, found := d.records[question]
 
@@ -98,10 +200,14 @@ func (d *Resolver) lookupRecords(question dns.Question) []dns.RR {
 		d.mu.RUnlock()
 		// alternatively check if we have a cname
 		if question.Qtype != dns.TypeCNAME {
-			question.Qtype = dns.TypeCNAME
-			return d.lookupRecords(question)
+			cnameQuestion := dns.Question{
+				Name:   question.Name,
+				Qtype:  dns.TypeCNAME,
+				Qclass: question.Qclass,
+			}
+			return d.lookupCNAMEChain(logger, cnameQuestion, question.Qtype)
 		}
-		return nil
+		return lookupResult{rcode: dns.RcodeNameError}
 	}
 
 	recordsCopy := slices.Clone(records)
@@ -119,20 +225,178 @@ func (d *Resolver) lookupRecords(question dns.Question) []dns.RR {
 		d.mu.Unlock()
 	}
 
-	return recordsCopy
+	return lookupResult{records: recordsCopy, rcode: dns.RcodeSuccess}
 }
 
-func (d *Resolver) Update(update []nbdns.SimpleRecord) {
+// lookupCNAMEChain follows a CNAME chain and returns the CNAME records along with
+// the final resolved record of the requested type. This is required for musl libc
+// compatibility, which expects the full answer chain rather than just the CNAME.
+func (d *Resolver) lookupCNAMEChain(logger *log.Entry, cnameQuestion dns.Question, targetType uint16) lookupResult {
+	const maxDepth = 8
+	var chain []dns.RR
+
+	for range maxDepth {
+		cnameRecords := d.getRecords(cnameQuestion)
+		if len(cnameRecords) == 0 {
+			break
+		}
+
+		chain = append(chain, cnameRecords...)
+
+		cname, ok := cnameRecords[0].(*dns.CNAME)
+		if !ok {
+			break
+		}
+
+		targetName := strings.ToLower(cname.Target)
+		targetResult := d.resolveCNAMETarget(logger, targetName, targetType, cnameQuestion.Qclass)
+
+		// keep following chain
+		if targetResult.rcode == -1 {
+			cnameQuestion = dns.Question{Name: targetName, Qtype: dns.TypeCNAME, Qclass: cnameQuestion.Qclass}
+			continue
+		}
+
+		return d.buildChainResult(chain, targetResult)
+	}
+
+	if len(chain) > 0 {
+		return lookupResult{records: chain, rcode: dns.RcodeSuccess}
+	}
+	return lookupResult{rcode: dns.RcodeSuccess}
+}
+
+// buildChainResult combines CNAME chain records with the target resolution result.
+// Per RFC 6604, the final rcode is propagated through the chain.
+func (d *Resolver) buildChainResult(chain []dns.RR, target lookupResult) lookupResult {
+	records := chain
+	if len(target.records) > 0 {
+		records = append(records, target.records...)
+	}
+
+	// preserve hasExternalData for SERVFAIL so caller knows the error came from upstream
+	if target.hasExternalData && target.rcode == dns.RcodeServerFailure {
+		return lookupResult{
+			records:         records,
+			rcode:           dns.RcodeServerFailure,
+			hasExternalData: true,
+		}
+	}
+
+	return lookupResult{
+		records:         records,
+		rcode:           target.rcode,
+		hasExternalData: target.hasExternalData,
+	}
+}
+
+// resolveCNAMETarget attempts to resolve a CNAME target name.
+// Returns rcode=-1 to signal "keep following the chain".
+func (d *Resolver) resolveCNAMETarget(logger *log.Entry, targetName string, targetType uint16, qclass uint16) lookupResult {
+	if records := d.getRecords(dns.Question{Name: targetName, Qtype: targetType, Qclass: qclass}); len(records) > 0 {
+		return lookupResult{records: records, rcode: dns.RcodeSuccess}
+	}
+
+	// another CNAME, keep following
+	if d.hasRecord(dns.Question{Name: targetName, Qtype: dns.TypeCNAME, Qclass: qclass}) {
+		return lookupResult{rcode: -1}
+	}
+
+	// domain exists locally but not this record type (NODATA)
+	if d.hasRecordsForDomain(domain.Domain(targetName)) {
+		return lookupResult{rcode: dns.RcodeSuccess}
+	}
+
+	// in our zone but doesn't exist (NXDOMAIN)
+	if d.isInManagedZone(targetName) {
+		return lookupResult{rcode: dns.RcodeNameError}
+	}
+
+	return d.resolveExternal(logger, targetName, targetType)
+}
+
+func (d *Resolver) getRecords(q dns.Question) []dns.RR {
+	d.mu.RLock()
+	defer d.mu.RUnlock()
+	return d.records[q]
+}
+
+func (d *Resolver) hasRecord(q dns.Question) bool {
+	d.mu.RLock()
+	defer d.mu.RUnlock()
+	_, ok := d.records[q]
+	return ok
+}
+
+// resolveExternal resolves a domain name using the system resolver.
+// This is used to resolve CNAME targets that point outside our local zone,
+// which is required for musl libc compatibility (musl expects complete answers).
+func (d *Resolver) resolveExternal(logger *log.Entry, name string, qtype uint16) lookupResult {
+	network := resutil.NetworkForQtype(qtype)
+	if network == "" {
+		return lookupResult{rcode: dns.RcodeNotImplemented}
+	}
+
+	resolver := d.resolver
+	if resolver == nil {
+		resolver = net.DefaultResolver
+	}
+
+	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(d.ctx, externalResolutionTimeout)
+	defer cancel()
+
+	result := resutil.LookupIP(ctx, resolver, network, name, qtype)
+	if result.Err != nil {
+		d.logDNSError(logger, name, qtype, result.Err)
+		return lookupResult{rcode: result.Rcode, hasExternalData: true}
+	}
+
+	return lookupResult{
+		records:         resutil.IPsToRRs(name, result.IPs, 60),
+		rcode:           dns.RcodeSuccess,
+		hasExternalData: true,
+	}
+}
+
+// logDNSError logs DNS resolution errors for debugging.
+func (d *Resolver) logDNSError(logger *log.Entry, hostname string, qtype uint16, err error) {
+	qtypeName := dns.TypeToString[qtype]
+
+	var dnsErr *net.DNSError
+	if !errors.As(err, &dnsErr) {
+		logger.Debugf("DNS resolution failed for %s type %s: %v", hostname, qtypeName, err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	if dnsErr.IsNotFound {
+		logger.Tracef("DNS target not found: %s type %s", hostname, qtypeName)
+		return
+	}
+
+	if dnsErr.Server != "" {
+		logger.Debugf("DNS resolution failed for %s type %s server=%s: %v", hostname, qtypeName, dnsErr.Server, err)
+	} else {
+		logger.Debugf("DNS resolution failed for %s type %s: %v", hostname, qtypeName, err)
+	}
+}
+
+// Update replaces all zones and their records
+func (d *Resolver) Update(customZones []nbdns.CustomZone) {
 	d.mu.Lock()
 	defer d.mu.Unlock()
 
 	maps.Clear(d.records)
 	maps.Clear(d.domains)
+	maps.Clear(d.zones)
 
-	for _, rec := range update {
-		if err := d.registerRecord(rec); err != nil {
-			log.Warnf("failed to register the record (%s): %v", rec, err)
-			continue
+	for _, zone := range customZones {
+		zoneDomain := domain.Domain(strings.ToLower(dns.Fqdn(zone.Domain)))
+		d.zones[zoneDomain] = zone.NonAuthoritative
+
+		for _, rec := range zone.Records {
+			if err := d.registerRecord(rec); err != nil {
+				log.Warnf("failed to register the record (%s): %v", rec, err)
+			}
 		}
 	}
 }

client/internal/dns/local/local_test.go

@@ -1,8 +1,14 @@
 package local
 
 import (
+	"context"
+	"fmt"
+	"net"
+	"net/netip"
 	"strings"
+	"sync"
 	"testing"
+	"time"
 
 	"github.com/miekg/dns"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
@@ -12,6 +18,18 @@ import (
 	nbdns "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/dns"
 )
 
+// mockResolver implements resolver for testing
+type mockResolver struct {
+	lookupFunc func(ctx context.Context, network, host string) ([]netip.Addr, error)
+}
+
+func (m *mockResolver) LookupNetIP(ctx context.Context, network, host string) ([]netip.Addr, error) {
+	if m.lookupFunc != nil {
+		return m.lookupFunc(ctx, network, host)
+	}
+	return nil, nil
+}
+
 func TestLocalResolver_ServeDNS(t *testing.T) {
 	recordA := nbdns.SimpleRecord{
 		Name:  "peera.netbird.cloud.",
@@ -106,11 +124,11 @@ func TestLocalResolver_Update_StaleRecord(t *testing.T) {
 
 	resolver := NewResolver()
 
-	update1 := []nbdns.SimpleRecord{record1}
-	update2 := []nbdns.SimpleRecord{record2}
+	zone1 := []nbdns.CustomZone{{Domain: "example.com.", Records: []nbdns.SimpleRecord{record1}}}
+	zone2 := []nbdns.CustomZone{{Domain: "example.com.", Records: []nbdns.SimpleRecord{record2}}}
 
 	// Apply first update
-	resolver.Update(update1)
+	resolver.Update(zone1)
 
 	// Verify first update
 	resolver.mu.RLock()
@@ -122,7 +140,7 @@ func TestLocalResolver_Update_StaleRecord(t *testing.T) {
 	assert.Contains(t, rrSlice1[0].String(), record1.RData, "Record after first update should be %s", record1.RData)
 
 	// Apply second update
-	resolver.Update(update2)
+	resolver.Update(zone2)
 
 	// Verify second update
 	resolver.mu.RLock()
@@ -151,10 +169,10 @@ func TestLocalResolver_MultipleRecords_SameQuestion(t *testing.T) {
 		Name: recordName, Type: int(recordType), Class: nbdns.DefaultClass, TTL: 300, RData: "10.0.0.2",
 	}
 
-	update := []nbdns.SimpleRecord{record1, record2}
+	zones := []nbdns.CustomZone{{Domain: "example.com.", Records: []nbdns.SimpleRecord{record1, record2}}}
 
 	// Apply update with both records
-	resolver.Update(update)
+	resolver.Update(zones)
 
 	// Create question that matches both records
 	question := dns.Question{
@@ -195,10 +213,10 @@ func TestLocalResolver_RecordRotation(t *testing.T) {
 		Name: recordName, Type: int(recordType), Class: nbdns.DefaultClass, TTL: 300, RData: "192.168.1.3",
 	}
 
-	update := []nbdns.SimpleRecord{record1, record2, record3}
+	zones := []nbdns.CustomZone{{Domain: "example.com.", Records: []nbdns.SimpleRecord{record1, record2, record3}}}
 
 	// Apply update with all three records
-	resolver.Update(update)
+	resolver.Update(zones)
 
 	msg := new(dns.Msg).SetQuestion(recordName, recordType)
 
@@ -264,7 +282,7 @@ func TestLocalResolver_CaseInsensitiveMatching(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	// Update resolver with the records
-	resolver.Update([]nbdns.SimpleRecord{lowerCaseRecord, mixedCaseRecord})
+	resolver.Update([]nbdns.CustomZone{{Domain: "example.com.", Records: []nbdns.SimpleRecord{lowerCaseRecord, mixedCaseRecord}}})
 
 	testCases := []struct {
 		name          string
@@ -379,7 +397,7 @@ func TestLocalResolver_CNAMEFallback(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 
 	// Update resolver with both records
-	resolver.Update([]nbdns.SimpleRecord{cnameRecord, targetRecord})
+	resolver.Update([]nbdns.CustomZone{{Domain: "example.com.", Records: []nbdns.SimpleRecord{cnameRecord, targetRecord}}})
 
 	testCases := []struct {
 		name          string
@@ -476,6 +494,20 @@ func TestLocalResolver_CNAMEFallback(t *testing.T) {
 // with 0 records instead of NXDOMAIN
 func TestLocalResolver_NoErrorWithDifferentRecordType(t *testing.T) {
 	resolver := NewResolver()
+	// Mock external resolver for CNAME target resolution
+	resolver.resolver = &mockResolver{
+		lookupFunc: func(_ context.Context, network, host string) ([]netip.Addr, error) {
+			if host == "target.example.com." {
+				if network == "ip4" {
+					return []netip.Addr{netip.MustParseAddr("93.184.216.34")}, nil
+				}
+				if network == "ip6" {
+					return []netip.Addr{netip.MustParseAddr("2606:2800:220:1:248:1893:25c8:1946")}, nil
+				}
+			}
+			return nil, &net.DNSError{IsNotFound: true, Name: host}
+		},
+	}
 
 	recordA := nbdns.SimpleRecord{
 		Name:  "example.netbird.cloud.",
@@ -493,7 +525,7 @@ func TestLocalResolver_NoErrorWithDifferentRecordType(t *testing.T) {
 		RData: "target.example.com.",
 	}
 
-	resolver.Update([]nbdns.SimpleRecord{recordA, recordCNAME})
+	resolver.Update([]nbdns.CustomZone{{Domain: "netbird.cloud.", Records: []nbdns.SimpleRecord{recordA, recordCNAME}}})
 
 	testCases := []struct {
 		name           string
@@ -582,3 +614,808 @@ func TestLocalResolver_NoErrorWithDifferentRecordType(t *testing.T) {
 		})
 	}
 }
+
+// TestLocalResolver_CNAMEChainResolution tests comprehensive CNAME chain following
+func TestLocalResolver_CNAMEChainResolution(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("simple internal CNAME chain", func(t *testing.T) {
+		resolver := NewResolver()
+		resolver.Update([]nbdns.CustomZone{{
+			Domain: "example.com.",
+			Records: []nbdns.SimpleRecord{
+				{Name: "alias.example.com.", Type: int(dns.TypeCNAME), Class: nbdns.DefaultClass, TTL: 300, RData: "target.example.com."},
+				{Name: "target.example.com.", Type: int(dns.TypeA), Class: nbdns.DefaultClass, TTL: 300, RData: "192.168.1.1"},
+			},
+		}})
+
+		msg := new(dns.Msg).SetQuestion("alias.example.com.", dns.TypeA)
+		var resp *dns.Msg
+		resolver.ServeDNS(&test.MockResponseWriter{WriteMsgFunc: func(m *dns.Msg) error { resp = m; return nil }}, msg)
+
+		require.NotNil(t, resp)
+		require.Equal(t, dns.RcodeSuccess, resp.Rcode)
+		require.Len(t, resp.Answer, 2)
+
+		cname, ok := resp.Answer[0].(*dns.CNAME)
+		require.True(t, ok)
+		assert.Equal(t, "target.example.com.", cname.Target)
+
+		a, ok := resp.Answer[1].(*dns.A)
+		require.True(t, ok)
+		assert.Equal(t, "192.168.1.1", a.A.String())
+	})
+
+	t.Run("multi-hop CNAME chain", func(t *testing.T) {
+		resolver := NewResolver()
+		resolver.Update([]nbdns.CustomZone{{
+			Domain: "test.",
+			Records: []nbdns.SimpleRecord{
+				{Name: "hop1.test.", Type: int(dns.TypeCNAME), Class: nbdns.DefaultClass, TTL: 300, RData: "hop2.test."},
+				{Name: "hop2.test.", Type: int(dns.TypeCNAME), Class: nbdns.DefaultClass, TTL: 300, RData: "hop3.test."},
+				{Name: "hop3.test.", Type: int(dns.TypeA), Class: nbdns.DefaultClass, TTL: 300, RData: "10.0.0.1"},
+			},
+		}})
+
+		msg := new(dns.Msg).SetQuestion("hop1.test.", dns.TypeA)
+		var resp *dns.Msg
+		resolver.ServeDNS(&test.MockResponseWriter{WriteMsgFunc: func(m *dns.Msg) error { resp = m; return nil }}, msg)
+
+		require.NotNil(t, resp)
+		require.Equal(t, dns.RcodeSuccess, resp.Rcode)
+		require.Len(t, resp.Answer, 3)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("CNAME to non-existent internal target returns only CNAME", func(t *testing.T) {
+		resolver := NewResolver()
+		resolver.Update([]nbdns.CustomZone{{
+			Domain: "test.",
+			Records: []nbdns.SimpleRecord{
+				{Name: "alias.test.", Type: int(dns.TypeCNAME), Class: nbdns.DefaultClass, TTL: 300, RData: "nonexistent.test."},
+			},
+		}})
+
+		msg := new(dns.Msg).SetQuestion("alias.test.", dns.TypeA)
+		var resp *dns.Msg
+		resolver.ServeDNS(&test.MockResponseWriter{WriteMsgFunc: func(m *dns.Msg) error { resp = m; return nil }}, msg)
+
+		require.NotNil(t, resp)
+		require.Len(t, resp.Answer, 1)
+		_, ok := resp.Answer[0].(*dns.CNAME)
+		assert.True(t, ok)
+	})
+}
+
+// TestLocalResolver_CNAMEMaxDepth tests the maximum depth limit for CNAME chains
+func TestLocalResolver_CNAMEMaxDepth(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("chain at max depth resolves", func(t *testing.T) {
+		resolver := NewResolver()
+		var records []nbdns.SimpleRecord
+		// Create chain of 7 CNAMEs (under max of 8)
+		for i := 1; i <= 7; i++ {
+			records = append(records, nbdns.SimpleRecord{
+				Name:  fmt.Sprintf("hop%d.test.", i),
+				Type:  int(dns.TypeCNAME),
+				Class: nbdns.DefaultClass,
+				TTL:   300,
+				RData: fmt.Sprintf("hop%d.test.", i+1),
+			})
+		}
+		records = append(records, nbdns.SimpleRecord{
+			Name: "hop8.test.", Type: int(dns.TypeA), Class: nbdns.DefaultClass, TTL: 300, RData: "10.10.10.10",
+		})
+
+		resolver.Update([]nbdns.CustomZone{{Domain: "test.", Records: records}})
+
+		msg := new(dns.Msg).SetQuestion("hop1.test.", dns.TypeA)
+		var resp *dns.Msg
+		resolver.ServeDNS(&test.MockResponseWriter{WriteMsgFunc: func(m *dns.Msg) error { resp = m; return nil }}, msg)
+
+		require.NotNil(t, resp)
+		require.Equal(t, dns.RcodeSuccess, resp.Rcode)
+		require.Len(t, resp.Answer, 8)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("chain exceeding max depth stops", func(t *testing.T) {
+		resolver := NewResolver()
+		var records []nbdns.SimpleRecord
+		// Create chain of 10 CNAMEs (exceeds max of 8)
+		for i := 1; i <= 10; i++ {
+			records = append(records, nbdns.SimpleRecord{
+				Name:  fmt.Sprintf("deep%d.test.", i),
+				Type:  int(dns.TypeCNAME),
+				Class: nbdns.DefaultClass,
+				TTL:   300,
+				RData: fmt.Sprintf("deep%d.test.", i+1),
+			})
+		}
+		records = append(records, nbdns.SimpleRecord{
+			Name: "deep11.test.", Type: int(dns.TypeA), Class: nbdns.DefaultClass, TTL: 300, RData: "10.10.10.10",
+		})
+
+		resolver.Update([]nbdns.CustomZone{{Domain: "test.", Records: records}})
+
+		msg := new(dns.Msg).SetQuestion("deep1.test.", dns.TypeA)
+		var resp *dns.Msg
+		resolver.ServeDNS(&test.MockResponseWriter{WriteMsgFunc: func(m *dns.Msg) error { resp = m; return nil }}, msg)
+
+		require.NotNil(t, resp)
+		// Should NOT have the final A record (chain too deep)
+		assert.LessOrEqual(t, len(resp.Answer), 8)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("circular CNAME is protected by max depth", func(t *testing.T) {
+		resolver := NewResolver()
+		resolver.Update([]nbdns.CustomZone{{
+			Domain: "test.",
+			Records: []nbdns.SimpleRecord{
+				{Name: "loop1.test.", Type: int(dns.TypeCNAME), Class: nbdns.DefaultClass, TTL: 300, RData: "loop2.test."},
+				{Name: "loop2.test.", Type: int(dns.TypeCNAME), Class: nbdns.DefaultClass, TTL: 300, RData: "loop1.test."},
+			},
+		}})
+
+		msg := new(dns.Msg).SetQuestion("loop1.test.", dns.TypeA)
+		var resp *dns.Msg
+		resolver.ServeDNS(&test.MockResponseWriter{WriteMsgFunc: func(m *dns.Msg) error { resp = m; return nil }}, msg)
+
+		require.NotNil(t, resp)
+		assert.LessOrEqual(t, len(resp.Answer), 8)
+	})
+}
+
+// TestLocalResolver_ExternalCNAMEResolution tests CNAME resolution to external domains
+func TestLocalResolver_ExternalCNAMEResolution(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("CNAME to external domain resolves via external resolver", func(t *testing.T) {
+		resolver := NewResolver()
+		resolver.resolver = &mockResolver{
+			lookupFunc: func(_ context.Context, network, host string) ([]netip.Addr, error) {
+				if host == "external.example.com." && network == "ip4" {
+					return []netip.Addr{netip.MustParseAddr("93.184.216.34")}, nil
+				}
+				return nil, nil
+			},
+		}
+
+		resolver.Update([]nbdns.CustomZone{{
+			Domain: "test.",
+			Records: []nbdns.SimpleRecord{
+				{Name: "alias.test.", Type: int(dns.TypeCNAME), Class: nbdns.DefaultClass, TTL: 300, RData: "external.example.com."},
+			},
+		}})
+
+		msg := new(dns.Msg).SetQuestion("alias.test.", dns.TypeA)
+		var resp *dns.Msg
+		resolver.ServeDNS(&test.MockResponseWriter{WriteMsgFunc: func(m *dns.Msg) error { resp = m; return nil }}, msg)
+
+		require.NotNil(t, resp)
+		require.Len(t, resp.Answer, 2, "Should have CNAME + A record")
+
+		cname, ok := resp.Answer[0].(*dns.CNAME)
+		require.True(t, ok)
+		assert.Equal(t, "external.example.com.", cname.Target)
+
+		a, ok := resp.Answer[1].(*dns.A)
+		require.True(t, ok)
+		assert.Equal(t, "93.184.216.34", a.A.String())
+	})
+
+	t.Run("CNAME to external domain resolves IPv6", func(t *testing.T) {
+		resolver := NewResolver()
+		resolver.resolver = &mockResolver{
+			lookupFunc: func(_ context.Context, network, host string) ([]netip.Addr, error) {
+				if host == "external.example.com." && network == "ip6" {
+					return []netip.Addr{netip.MustParseAddr("2606:2800:220:1:248:1893:25c8:1946")}, nil
+				}
+				return nil, nil
+			},
+		}
+
+		resolver.Update([]nbdns.CustomZone{{
+			Domain: "test.",
+			Records: []nbdns.SimpleRecord{
+				{Name: "alias.test.", Type: int(dns.TypeCNAME), Class: nbdns.DefaultClass, TTL: 300, RData: "external.example.com."},
+			},
+		}})
+
+		msg := new(dns.Msg).SetQuestion("alias.test.", dns.TypeAAAA)
+		var resp *dns.Msg
+		resolver.ServeDNS(&test.MockResponseWriter{WriteMsgFunc: func(m *dns.Msg) error { resp = m; return nil }}, msg)
+
+		require.NotNil(t, resp)
+		require.Len(t, resp.Answer, 2, "Should have CNAME + AAAA record")
+
+		cname, ok := resp.Answer[0].(*dns.CNAME)
+		require.True(t, ok)
+		assert.Equal(t, "external.example.com.", cname.Target)
+
+		aaaa, ok := resp.Answer[1].(*dns.AAAA)
+		require.True(t, ok)
+		assert.Equal(t, "2606:2800:220:1:248:1893:25c8:1946", aaaa.AAAA.String())
+	})
+
+	t.Run("concurrent external resolution", func(t *testing.T) {
+		resolver := NewResolver()
+		resolver.resolver = &mockResolver{
+			lookupFunc: func(_ context.Context, network, host string) ([]netip.Addr, error) {
+				if host == "external.example.com." && network == "ip4" {
+					return []netip.Addr{netip.MustParseAddr("93.184.216.34")}, nil
+				}
+				return nil, nil
+			},
+		}
+
+		resolver.Update([]nbdns.CustomZone{{
+			Domain: "test.",
+			Records: []nbdns.SimpleRecord{
+				{Name: "concurrent.test.", Type: int(dns.TypeCNAME), Class: nbdns.DefaultClass, TTL: 300, RData: "external.example.com."},
+			},
+		}})
+
+		var wg sync.WaitGroup
+		results := make([]*dns.Msg, 10)
+
+		for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
+			wg.Add(1)
+			go func(idx int) {
+				defer wg.Done()
+				msg := new(dns.Msg).SetQuestion("concurrent.test.", dns.TypeA)
+				var resp *dns.Msg
+				resolver.ServeDNS(&test.MockResponseWriter{WriteMsgFunc: func(m *dns.Msg) error { resp = m; return nil }}, msg)
+				results[idx] = resp
+			}(i)
+		}
+		wg.Wait()
+
+		for i, resp := range results {
+			require.NotNil(t, resp, "Response %d should not be nil", i)
+			require.Len(t, resp.Answer, 2, "Response %d should have CNAME + A", i)
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+// TestLocalResolver_ZoneManagement tests zone-aware CNAME resolution
+func TestLocalResolver_ZoneManagement(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("Update sets zones correctly", func(t *testing.T) {
+		resolver := NewResolver()
+
+		resolver.Update([]nbdns.CustomZone{
+			{Domain: "example.com.", Records: []nbdns.SimpleRecord{
+				{Name: "host.example.com.", Type: int(dns.TypeA), Class: nbdns.DefaultClass, TTL: 300, RData: "10.0.0.1"},
+			}},
+			{Domain: "test.local."},
+		})
+
+		assert.True(t, resolver.isInManagedZone("host.example.com."))
+		assert.True(t, resolver.isInManagedZone("other.example.com."))
+		assert.True(t, resolver.isInManagedZone("sub.test.local."))
+		assert.False(t, resolver.isInManagedZone("external.com."))
+	})
+
+	t.Run("isInManagedZone case insensitive", func(t *testing.T) {
+		resolver := NewResolver()
+		resolver.Update([]nbdns.CustomZone{{Domain: "Example.COM."}})
+
+		assert.True(t, resolver.isInManagedZone("host.example.com."))
+		assert.True(t, resolver.isInManagedZone("HOST.EXAMPLE.COM."))
+	})
+
+	t.Run("Update clears zones", func(t *testing.T) {
+		resolver := NewResolver()
+		resolver.Update([]nbdns.CustomZone{{Domain: "example.com."}})
+		assert.True(t, resolver.isInManagedZone("host.example.com."))
+
+		resolver.Update(nil)
+		assert.False(t, resolver.isInManagedZone("host.example.com."))
+	})
+}
+
+// TestLocalResolver_CNAMEZoneAwareResolution tests CNAME resolution with zone awareness
+func TestLocalResolver_CNAMEZoneAwareResolution(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("CNAME target in managed zone returns NXDOMAIN per RFC 6604", func(t *testing.T) {
+		resolver := NewResolver()
+		resolver.Update([]nbdns.CustomZone{{
+			Domain: "myzone.test.",
+			Records: []nbdns.SimpleRecord{
+				{Name: "alias.myzone.test.", Type: int(dns.TypeCNAME), Class: nbdns.DefaultClass, TTL: 300, RData: "nonexistent.myzone.test."},
+			},
+		}})
+
+		msg := new(dns.Msg).SetQuestion("alias.myzone.test.", dns.TypeA)
+		var resp *dns.Msg
+		resolver.ServeDNS(&test.MockResponseWriter{WriteMsgFunc: func(m *dns.Msg) error { resp = m; return nil }}, msg)
+
+		require.NotNil(t, resp)
+		assert.Equal(t, dns.RcodeNameError, resp.Rcode, "Should return NXDOMAIN")
+		require.Len(t, resp.Answer, 1, "Should include CNAME in answer")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("CNAME to external domain skips zone check", func(t *testing.T) {
+		resolver := NewResolver()
+		resolver.resolver = &mockResolver{
+			lookupFunc: func(_ context.Context, network, host string) ([]netip.Addr, error) {
+				if host == "external.other.com." && network == "ip4" {
+					return []netip.Addr{netip.MustParseAddr("203.0.113.1")}, nil
+				}
+				return nil, nil
+			},
+		}
+
+		resolver.Update([]nbdns.CustomZone{{
+			Domain: "myzone.test.",
+			Records: []nbdns.SimpleRecord{
+				{Name: "alias.myzone.test.", Type: int(dns.TypeCNAME), Class: nbdns.DefaultClass, TTL: 300, RData: "external.other.com."},
+			},
+		}})
+
+		msg := new(dns.Msg).SetQuestion("alias.myzone.test.", dns.TypeA)
+		var resp *dns.Msg
+		resolver.ServeDNS(&test.MockResponseWriter{WriteMsgFunc: func(m *dns.Msg) error { resp = m; return nil }}, msg)
+
+		require.NotNil(t, resp)
+		assert.Equal(t, dns.RcodeSuccess, resp.Rcode)
+		require.Len(t, resp.Answer, 2, "Should have CNAME + A from external resolution")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("CNAME target exists with different type returns NODATA not NXDOMAIN", func(t *testing.T) {
+		resolver := NewResolver()
+		// CNAME points to target that has A but no AAAA - query for AAAA should be NODATA
+		resolver.Update([]nbdns.CustomZone{{
+			Domain: "myzone.test.",
+			Records: []nbdns.SimpleRecord{
+				{Name: "alias.myzone.test.", Type: int(dns.TypeCNAME), Class: nbdns.DefaultClass, TTL: 300, RData: "target.myzone.test."},
+				{Name: "target.myzone.test.", Type: int(dns.TypeA), Class: nbdns.DefaultClass, TTL: 300, RData: "1.1.1.1"},
+			},
+		}})
+
+		msg := new(dns.Msg).SetQuestion("alias.myzone.test.", dns.TypeAAAA)
+		var resp *dns.Msg
+		resolver.ServeDNS(&test.MockResponseWriter{WriteMsgFunc: func(m *dns.Msg) error { resp = m; return nil }}, msg)
+
+		require.NotNil(t, resp)
+		assert.Equal(t, dns.RcodeSuccess, resp.Rcode, "Should return NODATA (success), not NXDOMAIN")
+		require.Len(t, resp.Answer, 1, "Should have only CNAME, no AAAA")
+		_, ok := resp.Answer[0].(*dns.CNAME)
+		assert.True(t, ok, "Answer should be CNAME record")
+	})
+
+	t.Run("external CNAME target exists but no AAAA records (NODATA)", func(t *testing.T) {
+		resolver := NewResolver()
+		resolver.resolver = &mockResolver{
+			lookupFunc: func(_ context.Context, network, host string) ([]netip.Addr, error) {
+				if host == "external.example.com." {
+					if network == "ip6" {
+						// No AAAA records
+						return nil, &net.DNSError{IsNotFound: true, Name: host}
+					}
+					if network == "ip4" {
+						// But A records exist - domain exists
+						return []netip.Addr{netip.MustParseAddr("93.184.216.34")}, nil
+					}
+				}
+				return nil, &net.DNSError{IsNotFound: true, Name: host}
+			},
+		}
+
+		resolver.Update([]nbdns.CustomZone{{
+			Domain: "test.",
+			Records: []nbdns.SimpleRecord{
+				{Name: "alias.test.", Type: int(dns.TypeCNAME), Class: nbdns.DefaultClass, TTL: 300, RData: "external.example.com."},
+			},
+		}})
+
+		msg := new(dns.Msg).SetQuestion("alias.test.", dns.TypeAAAA)
+		var resp *dns.Msg
+		resolver.ServeDNS(&test.MockResponseWriter{WriteMsgFunc: func(m *dns.Msg) error { resp = m; return nil }}, msg)
+
+		require.NotNil(t, resp)
+		assert.Equal(t, dns.RcodeSuccess, resp.Rcode, "Should return NODATA (success), not NXDOMAIN")
+		require.Len(t, resp.Answer, 1, "Should have only CNAME")
+		_, ok := resp.Answer[0].(*dns.CNAME)
+		assert.True(t, ok, "Answer should be CNAME record")
+	})
+
+	// Table-driven test for all external resolution outcomes
+	externalCases := []struct {
+		name           string
+		lookupFunc     func(context.Context, string, string) ([]netip.Addr, error)
+		expectedRcode  int
+		expectedAnswer int
+	}{
+		{
+			name: "external NXDOMAIN (both A and AAAA not found)",
+			lookupFunc: func(_ context.Context, network, host string) ([]netip.Addr, error) {
+				return nil, &net.DNSError{IsNotFound: true, Name: host}
+			},
+			expectedRcode:  dns.RcodeNameError,
+			expectedAnswer: 1, // CNAME only
+		},
+		{
+			name: "external SERVFAIL (temporary error)",
+			lookupFunc: func(_ context.Context, network, host string) ([]netip.Addr, error) {
+				return nil, &net.DNSError{IsTemporary: true, Name: host}
+			},
+			expectedRcode:  dns.RcodeServerFailure,
+			expectedAnswer: 1, // CNAME only
+		},
+		{
+			name: "external SERVFAIL (timeout)",
+			lookupFunc: func(_ context.Context, network, host string) ([]netip.Addr, error) {
+				return nil, &net.DNSError{IsTimeout: true, Name: host}
+			},
+			expectedRcode:  dns.RcodeServerFailure,
+			expectedAnswer: 1, // CNAME only
+		},
+		{
+			name: "external SERVFAIL (generic error)",
+			lookupFunc: func(_ context.Context, network, host string) ([]netip.Addr, error) {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("connection refused")
+			},
+			expectedRcode:  dns.RcodeServerFailure,
+			expectedAnswer: 1, // CNAME only
+		},
+		{
+			name: "external success with IPs",
+			lookupFunc: func(_ context.Context, network, host string) ([]netip.Addr, error) {
+				if network == "ip4" {
+					return []netip.Addr{netip.MustParseAddr("93.184.216.34")}, nil
+				}
+				return nil, &net.DNSError{IsNotFound: true, Name: host}
+			},
+			expectedRcode:  dns.RcodeSuccess,
+			expectedAnswer: 2, // CNAME + A
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tc := range externalCases {
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			resolver := NewResolver()
+			resolver.resolver = &mockResolver{lookupFunc: tc.lookupFunc}
+
+			resolver.Update([]nbdns.CustomZone{{
+				Domain: "test.",
+				Records: []nbdns.SimpleRecord{
+					{Name: "alias.test.", Type: int(dns.TypeCNAME), Class: nbdns.DefaultClass, TTL: 300, RData: "external.example.com."},
+				},
+			}})
+
+			msg := new(dns.Msg).SetQuestion("alias.test.", dns.TypeA)
+			var resp *dns.Msg
+			resolver.ServeDNS(&test.MockResponseWriter{WriteMsgFunc: func(m *dns.Msg) error { resp = m; return nil }}, msg)
+
+			require.NotNil(t, resp)
+			assert.Equal(t, tc.expectedRcode, resp.Rcode, "rcode mismatch")
+			assert.Len(t, resp.Answer, tc.expectedAnswer, "answer count mismatch")
+			if tc.expectedAnswer > 0 {
+				_, ok := resp.Answer[0].(*dns.CNAME)
+				assert.True(t, ok, "first answer should be CNAME")
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+// TestLocalResolver_Fallthrough verifies that non-authoritative zones
+// trigger fallthrough (Zero bit set) when no records match
+func TestLocalResolver_Fallthrough(t *testing.T) {
+	resolver := NewResolver()
+
+	record := nbdns.SimpleRecord{
+		Name:  "existing.custom.zone.",
+		Type:  int(dns.TypeA),
+		Class: nbdns.DefaultClass,
+		TTL:   300,
+		RData: "10.0.0.1",
+	}
+
+	testCases := []struct {
+		name              string
+		zones             []nbdns.CustomZone
+		queryName         string
+		expectFallthrough bool
+		expectRecord      bool
+	}{
+		{
+			name: "Authoritative zone returns NXDOMAIN without fallthrough",
+			zones: []nbdns.CustomZone{{
+				Domain:  "custom.zone.",
+				Records: []nbdns.SimpleRecord{record},
+			}},
+			queryName:         "nonexistent.custom.zone.",
+			expectFallthrough: false,
+			expectRecord:      false,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "Non-authoritative zone triggers fallthrough",
+			zones: []nbdns.CustomZone{{
+				Domain:           "custom.zone.",
+				Records:          []nbdns.SimpleRecord{record},
+				NonAuthoritative: true,
+			}},
+			queryName:         "nonexistent.custom.zone.",
+			expectFallthrough: true,
+			expectRecord:      false,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "Record found in non-authoritative zone returns normally",
+			zones: []nbdns.CustomZone{{
+				Domain:           "custom.zone.",
+				Records:          []nbdns.SimpleRecord{record},
+				NonAuthoritative: true,
+			}},
+			queryName:         "existing.custom.zone.",
+			expectFallthrough: false,
+			expectRecord:      true,
+		},
+		{
+			name: "Record found in authoritative zone returns normally",
+			zones: []nbdns.CustomZone{{
+				Domain:  "custom.zone.",
+				Records: []nbdns.SimpleRecord{record},
+			}},
+			queryName:         "existing.custom.zone.",
+			expectFallthrough: false,
+			expectRecord:      true,
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tc := range testCases {
+		t.Run(tc.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			resolver.Update(tc.zones)
+
+			var responseMSG *dns.Msg
+			responseWriter := &test.MockResponseWriter{
+				WriteMsgFunc: func(m *dns.Msg) error {
+					responseMSG = m
+					return nil
+				},
+			}
+
+			msg := new(dns.Msg).SetQuestion(tc.queryName, dns.TypeA)
+			resolver.ServeDNS(responseWriter, msg)
+
+			require.NotNil(t, responseMSG, "Should have received a response")
+
+			if tc.expectFallthrough {
+				assert.True(t, responseMSG.MsgHdr.Zero, "Zero bit should be set for fallthrough")
+				assert.Equal(t, dns.RcodeNameError, responseMSG.Rcode, "Should return NXDOMAIN")
+			} else {
+				assert.False(t, responseMSG.MsgHdr.Zero, "Zero bit should not be set")
+			}
+
+			if tc.expectRecord {
+				assert.Greater(t, len(responseMSG.Answer), 0, "Should have answer records")
+				assert.Equal(t, dns.RcodeSuccess, responseMSG.Rcode)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+// TestLocalResolver_AuthoritativeFlag tests the AA flag behavior
+func TestLocalResolver_AuthoritativeFlag(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("direct record lookup is authoritative", func(t *testing.T) {
+		resolver := NewResolver()
+		resolver.Update([]nbdns.CustomZone{{
+			Domain: "example.com.",
+			Records: []nbdns.SimpleRecord{
+				{Name: "host.example.com.", Type: int(dns.TypeA), Class: nbdns.DefaultClass, TTL: 300, RData: "10.0.0.1"},
+			},
+		}})
+
+		msg := new(dns.Msg).SetQuestion("host.example.com.", dns.TypeA)
+		var resp *dns.Msg
+		resolver.ServeDNS(&test.MockResponseWriter{WriteMsgFunc: func(m *dns.Msg) error { resp = m; return nil }}, msg)
+
+		require.NotNil(t, resp)
+		assert.True(t, resp.Authoritative)
+	})
+
+	t.Run("external resolution is not authoritative", func(t *testing.T) {
+		resolver := NewResolver()
+		resolver.resolver = &mockResolver{
+			lookupFunc: func(_ context.Context, network, host string) ([]netip.Addr, error) {
+				if host == "external.example.com." && network == "ip4" {
+					return []netip.Addr{netip.MustParseAddr("93.184.216.34")}, nil
+				}
+				return nil, nil
+			},
+		}
+
+		resolver.Update([]nbdns.CustomZone{{
+			Domain: "test.",
+			Records: []nbdns.SimpleRecord{
+				{Name: "alias.test.", Type: int(dns.TypeCNAME), Class: nbdns.DefaultClass, TTL: 300, RData: "external.example.com."},
+			},
+		}})
+
+		msg := new(dns.Msg).SetQuestion("alias.test.", dns.TypeA)
+		var resp *dns.Msg
+		resolver.ServeDNS(&test.MockResponseWriter{WriteMsgFunc: func(m *dns.Msg) error { resp = m; return nil }}, msg)
+
+		require.NotNil(t, resp)
+		require.Len(t, resp.Answer, 2)
+		assert.False(t, resp.Authoritative)
+	})
+}
+
+// TestLocalResolver_Stop tests cleanup on Stop
+func TestLocalResolver_Stop(t *testing.T) {
+	t.Run("Stop clears all state", func(t *testing.T) {
+		resolver := NewResolver()
+		resolver.Update([]nbdns.CustomZone{{
+			Domain: "example.com.",
+			Records: []nbdns.SimpleRecord{
+				{Name: "host.example.com.", Type: int(dns.TypeA), Class: nbdns.DefaultClass, TTL: 300, RData: "10.0.0.1"},
+			},
+		}})
+
+		resolver.Stop()
+
+		msg := new(dns.Msg).SetQuestion("host.example.com.", dns.TypeA)
+		var resp *dns.Msg
+		resolver.ServeDNS(&test.MockResponseWriter{WriteMsgFunc: func(m *dns.Msg) error { resp = m; return nil }}, msg)
+
+		require.NotNil(t, resp)
+		assert.Len(t, resp.Answer, 0)
+		assert.False(t, resolver.isInManagedZone("host.example.com."))
+	})
+
+	t.Run("Stop is safe to call multiple times", func(t *testing.T) {
+		resolver := NewResolver()
+		resolver.Update([]nbdns.CustomZone{{
+			Domain: "example.com.",
+			Records: []nbdns.SimpleRecord{
+				{Name: "host.example.com.", Type: int(dns.TypeA), Class: nbdns.DefaultClass, TTL: 300, RData: "10.0.0.1"},
+			},
+		}})
+
+		resolver.Stop()
+		resolver.Stop()
+		resolver.Stop()
+	})
+
+	t.Run("Stop cancels in-flight external resolution", func(t *testing.T) {
+		resolver := NewResolver()
+
+		lookupStarted := make(chan struct{})
+		lookupCtxCanceled := make(chan struct{})
+
+		resolver.resolver = &mockResolver{
+			lookupFunc: func(ctx context.Context, network, host string) ([]netip.Addr, error) {
+				close(lookupStarted)
+				<-ctx.Done()
+				close(lookupCtxCanceled)
+				return nil, ctx.Err()
+			},
+		}
+
+		resolver.Update([]nbdns.CustomZone{{
+			Domain: "test.",
+			Records: []nbdns.SimpleRecord{
+				{Name: "alias.test.", Type: int(dns.TypeCNAME), Class: nbdns.DefaultClass, TTL: 300, RData: "external.example.com."},
+			},
+		}})
+
+		done := make(chan struct{})
+		go func() {
+			msg := new(dns.Msg).SetQuestion("alias.test.", dns.TypeA)
+			resolver.ServeDNS(&test.MockResponseWriter{WriteMsgFunc: func(m *dns.Msg) error { return nil }}, msg)
+			close(done)
+		}()
+
+		<-lookupStarted
+		resolver.Stop()
+
+		select {
+		case <-lookupCtxCanceled:
+		case <-time.After(time.Second):
+			t.Fatal("external lookup context was not canceled")
+		}
+
+		select {
+		case <-done:
+		case <-time.After(time.Second):
+			t.Fatal("ServeDNS did not return after Stop")
+		}
+	})
+}
+
+// TestLocalResolver_FallthroughCaseInsensitive verifies case-insensitive domain matching for fallthrough
+func TestLocalResolver_FallthroughCaseInsensitive(t *testing.T) {
+	resolver := NewResolver()
+
+	resolver.Update([]nbdns.CustomZone{{
+		Domain:           "EXAMPLE.COM.",
+		Records:          []nbdns.SimpleRecord{{Name: "host.example.com.", Type: int(dns.TypeA), Class: nbdns.DefaultClass, TTL: 300, RData: "1.2.3.4"}},
+		NonAuthoritative: true,
+	}})
+
+	var responseMSG *dns.Msg
+	responseWriter := &test.MockResponseWriter{
+		WriteMsgFunc: func(m *dns.Msg) error {
+			responseMSG = m
+			return nil
+		},
+	}
+
+	msg := new(dns.Msg).SetQuestion("nonexistent.example.com.", dns.TypeA)
+	resolver.ServeDNS(responseWriter, msg)
+
+	require.NotNil(t, responseMSG)
+	assert.True(t, responseMSG.MsgHdr.Zero, "Should fallthrough for non-authoritative zone with case-insensitive match")
+}
+
+// BenchmarkFindZone_BestCase benchmarks zone lookup with immediate match (first label)
+func BenchmarkFindZone_BestCase(b *testing.B) {
+	resolver := NewResolver()
+
+	// Single zone that matches immediately
+	resolver.Update([]nbdns.CustomZone{{
+		Domain:           "example.com.",
+		NonAuthoritative: true,
+	}})
+
+	b.ResetTimer()
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		resolver.shouldFallthrough("example.com.")
+	}
+}
+
+// BenchmarkFindZone_WorstCase benchmarks zone lookup with many zones, no match, many labels
+func BenchmarkFindZone_WorstCase(b *testing.B) {
+	resolver := NewResolver()
+
+	// 100 zones that won't match
+	var zones []nbdns.CustomZone
+	for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
+		zones = append(zones, nbdns.CustomZone{
+			Domain:           fmt.Sprintf("zone%d.internal.", i),
+			NonAuthoritative: true,
+		})
+	}
+	resolver.Update(zones)
+
+	// Query with many labels that won't match any zone
+	qname := "a.b.c.d.e.f.g.h.external.com."
+
+	b.ResetTimer()
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		resolver.shouldFallthrough(qname)
+	}
+}
+
+// BenchmarkFindZone_TypicalCase benchmarks typical usage: few zones, subdomain match
+func BenchmarkFindZone_TypicalCase(b *testing.B) {
+	resolver := NewResolver()
+
+	// Typical setup: peer zone (authoritative) + one user zone (non-authoritative)
+	resolver.Update([]nbdns.CustomZone{
+		{Domain: "netbird.cloud.", NonAuthoritative: false},
+		{Domain: "custom.local.", NonAuthoritative: true},
+	})
+
+	// Query for subdomain of user zone
+	qname := "myhost.custom.local."
+
+	b.ResetTimer()
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		resolver.shouldFallthrough(qname)
+	}
+}
+
+// BenchmarkIsInManagedZone_ManyZones benchmarks isInManagedZone with 100 zones
+func BenchmarkIsInManagedZone_ManyZones(b *testing.B) {
+	resolver := NewResolver()
+
+	var zones []nbdns.CustomZone
+	for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
+		zones = append(zones, nbdns.CustomZone{
+			Domain: fmt.Sprintf("zone%d.internal.", i),
+		})
+	}
+	resolver.Update(zones)
+
+	// Query that matches zone50
+	qname := "host.zone50.internal."
+
+	b.ResetTimer()
+	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
+		resolver.isInManagedZone(qname)
+	}
+}

client/internal/dns/resutil/resolve.go

@@ -0,0 +1,197 @@
+// Package resutil provides shared DNS resolution utilities
+package resutil
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"crypto/rand"
+	"encoding/hex"
+	"errors"
+	"net"
+	"net/netip"
+	"strings"
+
+	"github.com/miekg/dns"
+	log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
+)
+
+// GenerateRequestID creates a random 8-character hex string for request tracing.
+func GenerateRequestID() string {
+	bytes := make([]byte, 4)
+	if _, err := rand.Read(bytes); err != nil {
+		log.Errorf("generate request ID: %v", err)
+		return ""
+	}
+	return hex.EncodeToString(bytes)
+}
+
+// IPsToRRs converts a slice of IP addresses to DNS resource records.
+// IPv4 addresses become A records, IPv6 addresses become AAAA records.
+func IPsToRRs(name string, ips []netip.Addr, ttl uint32) []dns.RR {
+	var result []dns.RR
+
+	for _, ip := range ips {
+		if ip.Is6() {
+			result = append(result, &dns.AAAA{
+				Hdr: dns.RR_Header{
+					Name:   name,
+					Rrtype: dns.TypeAAAA,
+					Class:  dns.ClassINET,
+					Ttl:    ttl,
+				},
+				AAAA: ip.AsSlice(),
+			})
+		} else {
+			result = append(result, &dns.A{
+				Hdr: dns.RR_Header{
+					Name:   name,
+					Rrtype: dns.TypeA,
+					Class:  dns.ClassINET,
+					Ttl:    ttl,
+				},
+				A: ip.AsSlice(),
+			})
+		}
+	}
+
+	return result
+}
+
+// NetworkForQtype returns the network string ("ip4" or "ip6") for a DNS query type.
+// Returns empty string for unsupported types.
+func NetworkForQtype(qtype uint16) string {
+	switch qtype {
+	case dns.TypeA:
+		return "ip4"
+	case dns.TypeAAAA:
+		return "ip6"
+	default:
+		return ""
+	}
+}
+
+type resolver interface {
+	LookupNetIP(ctx context.Context, network, host string) ([]netip.Addr, error)
+}
+
+// chainedWriter is implemented by ResponseWriters that carry request metadata
+type chainedWriter interface {
+	RequestID() string
+	SetMeta(key, value string)
+}
+
+// GetRequestID extracts a request ID from the ResponseWriter if available,
+// otherwise generates a new one.
+func GetRequestID(w dns.ResponseWriter) string {
+	if cw, ok := w.(chainedWriter); ok {
+		if id := cw.RequestID(); id != "" {
+			return id
+		}
+	}
+	return GenerateRequestID()
+}
+
+// SetMeta sets metadata on the ResponseWriter if it supports it.
+func SetMeta(w dns.ResponseWriter, key, value string) {
+	if cw, ok := w.(chainedWriter); ok {
+		cw.SetMeta(key, value)
+	}
+}
+
+// LookupResult contains the result of an external DNS lookup
+type LookupResult struct {
+	IPs   []netip.Addr
+	Rcode int
+	Err   error // Original error for caller's logging needs
+}
+
+// LookupIP performs a DNS lookup and determines the appropriate rcode.
+func LookupIP(ctx context.Context, r resolver, network, host string, qtype uint16) LookupResult {
+	ips, err := r.LookupNetIP(ctx, network, host)
+	if err != nil {
+		return LookupResult{
+			Rcode: getRcodeForError(ctx, r, host, qtype, err),
+			Err:   err,
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Unmap IPv4-mapped IPv6 addresses that some resolvers may return
+	for i, ip := range ips {
+		ips[i] = ip.Unmap()
+	}
+
+	return LookupResult{
+		IPs:   ips,
+		Rcode: dns.RcodeSuccess,
+	}
+}
+
+func getRcodeForError(ctx context.Context, r resolver, host string, qtype uint16, err error) int {
+	var dnsErr *net.DNSError
+	if !errors.As(err, &dnsErr) {
+		return dns.RcodeServerFailure
+	}
+
+	if dnsErr.IsNotFound {
+		return getRcodeForNotFound(ctx, r, host, qtype)
+	}
+
+	return dns.RcodeServerFailure
+}
+
+// getRcodeForNotFound distinguishes between NXDOMAIN (domain doesn't exist) and NODATA
+// (domain exists but no records of requested type) by checking the opposite record type.
+//
+// musl libc (the reason we need this distinction) only queries A/AAAA pairs in getaddrinfo,
+// so checking the opposite A/AAAA type is sufficient. Other record types (MX, TXT, etc.)
+// are not queried by musl and don't need this handling.
+func getRcodeForNotFound(ctx context.Context, r resolver, domain string, originalQtype uint16) int {
+	// Try querying for a different record type to see if the domain exists
+	// If the original query was for AAAA, try A. If it was for A, try AAAA.
+	// This helps distinguish between NXDOMAIN and NODATA.
+	var alternativeNetwork string
+	switch originalQtype {
+	case dns.TypeAAAA:
+		alternativeNetwork = "ip4"
+	case dns.TypeA:
+		alternativeNetwork = "ip6"
+	default:
+		return dns.RcodeNameError
+	}
+
+	if _, err := r.LookupNetIP(ctx, alternativeNetwork, domain); err != nil {
+		var dnsErr *net.DNSError
+		if errors.As(err, &dnsErr) && dnsErr.IsNotFound {
+			// Alternative query also returned not found - domain truly doesn't exist
+			return dns.RcodeNameError
+		}
+		// Some other error (timeout, server failure, etc.) - can't determine, assume domain exists
+		return dns.RcodeSuccess
+	}
+
+	// Alternative query succeeded - domain exists but has no records of this type
+	return dns.RcodeSuccess
+}
+
+// FormatAnswers formats DNS resource records for logging.
+func FormatAnswers(answers []dns.RR) string {
+	if len(answers) == 0 {
+		return "[]"
+	}
+
+	parts := make([]string, 0, len(answers))
+	for _, rr := range answers {
+		switch r := rr.(type) {
+		case *dns.A:
+			parts = append(parts, r.A.String())
+		case *dns.AAAA:
+			parts = append(parts, r.AAAA.String())
+		case *dns.CNAME:
+			parts = append(parts, "CNAME:"+r.Target)
+		case *dns.PTR:
+			parts = append(parts, "PTR:"+r.Ptr)
+		default:
+			parts = append(parts, dns.TypeToString[rr.Header().Rrtype])
+		}
+	}
+	return "[" + strings.Join(parts, ", ") + "]"
+}

client/internal/dns/server.go

@@ -80,6 +80,7 @@ type DefaultServer struct {
 	updateSerial       uint64
 	previousConfigHash uint64
 	currentConfig      HostDNSConfig
+	currentConfigHash  uint64
 	handlerChain       *HandlerChain
 	extraDomains       map[domain.Domain]int
 
@@ -207,6 +208,7 @@ func newDefaultServer(
 		hostsDNSHolder:    newHostsDNSHolder(),
 		hostManager:       &noopHostConfigurator{},
 		mgmtCacheResolver: mgmtCacheResolver,
+		currentConfigHash: ^uint64(0), // Initialize to max uint64 to ensure first config is always applied
 	}
 
 	// register with root zone, handler chain takes care of the routing
@@ -483,7 +485,7 @@ func (s *DefaultServer) applyConfiguration(update nbdns.Config) error {
 		}
 	}
 
-	localMuxUpdates, localRecords, err := s.buildLocalHandlerUpdate(update.CustomZones)
+	localMuxUpdates, localZones, err := s.buildLocalHandlerUpdate(update.CustomZones)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("local handler updater: %w", err)
 	}
@@ -496,8 +498,7 @@ func (s *DefaultServer) applyConfiguration(update nbdns.Config) error {
 
 	s.updateMux(muxUpdates)
 
-	// register local records
-	s.localResolver.Update(localRecords)
+	s.localResolver.Update(localZones)
 
 	s.currentConfig = dnsConfigToHostDNSConfig(update, s.service.RuntimeIP(), s.service.RuntimePort())
 
@@ -586,8 +587,29 @@ func (s *DefaultServer) applyHostConfig() {
 
 	log.Debugf("extra match domains: %v", maps.Keys(s.extraDomains))
 
+	hash, err := hashstructure.Hash(config, hashstructure.FormatV2, &hashstructure.HashOptions{
+		ZeroNil:         true,
+		IgnoreZeroValue: true,
+		SlicesAsSets:    true,
+		UseStringer:     true,
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Warnf("unable to hash the host dns configuration, will apply config anyway: %s", err)
+		// Fall through to apply config anyway (fail-safe approach)
+	} else if s.currentConfigHash == hash {
+		log.Debugf("not applying host config as there are no changes")
+		return
+	}
+
+	log.Debugf("applying host config as there are changes")
 	if err := s.hostManager.applyDNSConfig(config, s.stateManager); err != nil {
 		log.Errorf("failed to apply DNS host manager update: %v", err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Only update hash if it was computed successfully and config was applied
+	if err == nil {
+		s.currentConfigHash = hash
 	}
 
 	s.registerFallback(config)
@@ -636,9 +658,9 @@ func (s *DefaultServer) registerFallback(config HostDNSConfig) {
 	s.registerHandler([]string{nbdns.RootZone}, handler, PriorityFallback)
 }
 
-func (s *DefaultServer) buildLocalHandlerUpdate(customZones []nbdns.CustomZone) ([]handlerWrapper, []nbdns.SimpleRecord, error) {
+func (s *DefaultServer) buildLocalHandlerUpdate(customZones []nbdns.CustomZone) ([]handlerWrapper, []nbdns.CustomZone, error) {
 	var muxUpdates []handlerWrapper
-	var localRecords []nbdns.SimpleRecord
+	var zones []nbdns.CustomZone
 
 	for _, customZone := range customZones {
 		if len(customZone.Records) == 0 {
@@ -652,17 +674,20 @@ func (s *DefaultServer) buildLocalHandlerUpdate(customZones []nbdns.CustomZone)
 			priority: PriorityLocal,
 		})
 
+		// zone records contain the fqdn, so we can just flatten them
+		var localRecords []nbdns.SimpleRecord
 		for _, record := range customZone.Records {
 			if record.Class != nbdns.DefaultClass {
 				log.Warnf("received an invalid class type: %s", record.Class)
 				continue
 			}
-			// zone records contain the fqdn, so we can just flatten them
 			localRecords = append(localRecords, record)
 		}
+		customZone.Records = localRecords
+		zones = append(zones, customZone)
 	}
 
-	return muxUpdates, localRecords, nil
+	return muxUpdates, zones, nil
 }
 
 func (s *DefaultServer) buildUpstreamHandlerUpdate(nameServerGroups []*nbdns.NameServerGroup) ([]handlerWrapper, error) {

client/internal/dns/server_test.go

@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ func TestUpdateDNSServer(t *testing.T) {
 	testCases := []struct {
 		name                string
 		initUpstreamMap     registeredHandlerMap
-		initLocalRecords    []nbdns.SimpleRecord
+		initLocalZones      []nbdns.CustomZone
 		initSerial          uint64
 		inputSerial         uint64
 		inputUpdate         nbdns.Config
@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ func TestUpdateDNSServer(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 		{
 			name:             "New Config Should Succeed",
-			initLocalRecords: []nbdns.SimpleRecord{{Name: "netbird.cloud", Type: 1, Class: nbdns.DefaultClass, TTL: 300, RData: "10.0.0.1"}},
+			initLocalZones: []nbdns.CustomZone{{Domain: "netbird.cloud", Records: []nbdns.SimpleRecord{{Name: "netbird.cloud", Type: 1, Class: nbdns.DefaultClass, TTL: 300, RData: "10.0.0.1"}}}},
 			initUpstreamMap: registeredHandlerMap{
 				generateDummyHandler(zoneRecords[0].Name, nameServers).ID(): handlerWrapper{
 					domain:   "netbird.cloud",
@@ -222,7 +222,7 @@ func TestUpdateDNSServer(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 		{
 			name:             "Smaller Config Serial Should Be Skipped",
-			initLocalRecords: []nbdns.SimpleRecord{},
+			initLocalZones: []nbdns.CustomZone{},
 			initUpstreamMap:  make(registeredHandlerMap),
 			initSerial:       2,
 			inputSerial:      1,
@@ -230,7 +230,7 @@ func TestUpdateDNSServer(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 		{
 			name:             "Empty NS Group Domain Or Not Primary Element Should Fail",
-			initLocalRecords: []nbdns.SimpleRecord{},
+			initLocalZones: []nbdns.CustomZone{},
 			initUpstreamMap:  make(registeredHandlerMap),
 			initSerial:       0,
 			inputSerial:      1,
@@ -252,7 +252,7 @@ func TestUpdateDNSServer(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 		{
 			name:             "Invalid NS Group Nameservers list Should Fail",
-			initLocalRecords: []nbdns.SimpleRecord{},
+			initLocalZones: []nbdns.CustomZone{},
 			initUpstreamMap:  make(registeredHandlerMap),
 			initSerial:       0,
 			inputSerial:      1,
@@ -274,7 +274,7 @@ func TestUpdateDNSServer(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 		{
 			name:             "Invalid Custom Zone Records list Should Skip",
-			initLocalRecords: []nbdns.SimpleRecord{},
+			initLocalZones: []nbdns.CustomZone{},
 			initUpstreamMap:  make(registeredHandlerMap),
 			initSerial:       0,
 			inputSerial:      1,
@@ -300,7 +300,7 @@ func TestUpdateDNSServer(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 		{
 			name:             "Empty Config Should Succeed and Clean Maps",
-			initLocalRecords: []nbdns.SimpleRecord{{Name: "netbird.cloud", Type: int(dns.TypeA), Class: nbdns.DefaultClass, TTL: 300, RData: "10.0.0.1"}},
+			initLocalZones: []nbdns.CustomZone{{Domain: "netbird.cloud", Records: []nbdns.SimpleRecord{{Name: "netbird.cloud", Type: int(dns.TypeA), Class: nbdns.DefaultClass, TTL: 300, RData: "10.0.0.1"}}}},
 			initUpstreamMap: registeredHandlerMap{
 				generateDummyHandler(zoneRecords[0].Name, nameServers).ID(): handlerWrapper{
 					domain:   zoneRecords[0].Name,
@@ -316,7 +316,7 @@ func TestUpdateDNSServer(t *testing.T) {
 		},
 		{
 			name:             "Disabled Service Should clean map",
-			initLocalRecords: []nbdns.SimpleRecord{{Name: "netbird.cloud", Type: int(dns.TypeA), Class: nbdns.DefaultClass, TTL: 300, RData: "10.0.0.1"}},
+			initLocalZones: []nbdns.CustomZone{{Domain: "netbird.cloud", Records: []nbdns.SimpleRecord{{Name: "netbird.cloud", Type: int(dns.TypeA), Class: nbdns.DefaultClass, TTL: 300, RData: "10.0.0.1"}}}},
 			initUpstreamMap: registeredHandlerMap{
 				generateDummyHandler(zoneRecords[0].Name, nameServers).ID(): handlerWrapper{
 					domain:   zoneRecords[0].Name,
@@ -385,7 +385,7 @@ func TestUpdateDNSServer(t *testing.T) {
 			}()
 
 			dnsServer.dnsMuxMap = testCase.initUpstreamMap
-			dnsServer.localResolver.Update(testCase.initLocalRecords)
+			dnsServer.localResolver.Update(testCase.initLocalZones)
 			dnsServer.updateSerial = testCase.initSerial
 
 			err = dnsServer.UpdateDNSServer(testCase.inputSerial, testCase.inputUpdate)
@@ -510,8 +510,7 @@ func TestDNSFakeResolverHandleUpdates(t *testing.T) {
 			priority: PriorityUpstream,
 		},
 	}
-	//dnsServer.localResolver.RegisteredMap = local.RegistrationMap{local.BuildRecordKey("netbird.cloud", dns.ClassINET, dns.TypeA): struct{}{}}
-	dnsServer.localResolver.Update([]nbdns.SimpleRecord{{Name: "netbird.cloud", Type: int(dns.TypeA), Class: nbdns.DefaultClass, TTL: 300, RData: "10.0.0.1"}})
+	dnsServer.localResolver.Update([]nbdns.CustomZone{{Domain: "netbird.cloud", Records: []nbdns.SimpleRecord{{Name: "netbird.cloud", Type: int(dns.TypeA), Class: nbdns.DefaultClass, TTL: 300, RData: "10.0.0.1"}}}})
 	dnsServer.updateSerial = 0
 
 	nameServers := []nbdns.NameServer{
@@ -1602,7 +1601,10 @@ func TestExtraDomains(t *testing.T) {
 				"other.example.com.",
 				"duplicate.example.com.",
 			},
-			applyHostConfigCall: 4,
+			// Expect 3 calls instead of 4 because when deregistering duplicate.example.com,
+			// the domain remains in the config (ref count goes from 2 to 1), so the host
+			// config hash doesn't change and applyDNSConfig is not called.
+			applyHostConfigCall: 3,
 		},
 		{
 			name: "Config update with new domains after registration",
@@ -1657,7 +1659,10 @@ func TestExtraDomains(t *testing.T) {
 			expectedMatchOnly: []string{
 				"extra.example.com.",
 			},
-			applyHostConfigCall: 3,
+			// Expect 2 calls instead of 3 because when deregistering protected.example.com,
+			// it's removed from extraDomains but still remains in the config (from customZones),
+			// so the host config hash doesn't change and applyDNSConfig is not called.
+			applyHostConfigCall: 2,
 		},
 		{
 			name: "Register domain that is part of nameserver group",

client/internal/dns/upstream.go

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ package dns
 
 import (
 	"context"
-	"crypto/rand"
 	"crypto/sha256"
 	"encoding/hex"
 	"errors"
@@ -21,6 +20,7 @@ import (
 	log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/iface"
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/dns/resutil"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/dns/types"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/peer"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/proto"
@@ -113,10 +113,7 @@ func (u *upstreamResolverBase) Stop() {
 
 // ServeDNS handles a DNS request
 func (u *upstreamResolverBase) ServeDNS(w dns.ResponseWriter, r *dns.Msg) {
-	requestID := GenerateRequestID()
-	logger := log.WithField("request_id", requestID)
-
-	logger.Tracef("received upstream question: domain=%s type=%v class=%v", r.Question[0].Name, r.Question[0].Qtype, r.Question[0].Qclass)
+	logger := log.WithField("request_id", resutil.GetRequestID(w))
 
 	u.prepareRequest(r)
 
@@ -202,11 +199,18 @@ func (u *upstreamResolverBase) handleUpstreamError(err error, upstream netip.Add
 
 func (u *upstreamResolverBase) writeSuccessResponse(w dns.ResponseWriter, rm *dns.Msg, upstream netip.AddrPort, domain string, t time.Duration, logger *log.Entry) bool {
 	u.successCount.Add(1)
-	logger.Tracef("took %s to query the upstream %s for question domain=%s", t, upstream, domain)
+
+	resutil.SetMeta(w, "upstream", upstream.String())
+
+	// Clear Zero bit from external responses to prevent upstream servers from
+	// manipulating our internal fallthrough signaling mechanism
+	rm.MsgHdr.Zero = false
 
 	if err := w.WriteMsg(rm); err != nil {
 		logger.Errorf("failed to write DNS response for question domain=%s: %s", domain, err)
+		return true
 	}
+
 	return true
 }
 
@@ -414,16 +418,6 @@ func ExchangeWithFallback(ctx context.Context, client *dns.Client, r *dns.Msg, u
 	return rm, t, nil
 }
 
-func GenerateRequestID() string {
-	bytes := make([]byte, 4)
-	_, err := rand.Read(bytes)
-	if err != nil {
-		log.Errorf("failed to generate request ID: %v", err)
-		return ""
-	}
-	return hex.EncodeToString(bytes)
-}
-
 // FormatPeerStatus formats peer connection status information for debugging DNS timeouts
 func FormatPeerStatus(peerState *peer.State) string {
 	isConnected := peerState.ConnStatus == peer.StatusConnected

client/internal/dnsfwd/forwarder.go

@@ -18,6 +18,7 @@ import (
 
 	nberrors "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/errors"
 	firewall "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/firewall/manager"
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/dns/resutil"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/peer"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/route"
 )
@@ -189,29 +190,22 @@ func (f *DNSForwarder) Close(ctx context.Context) error {
 	return nberrors.FormatErrorOrNil(result)
 }
 
-func (f *DNSForwarder) handleDNSQuery(w dns.ResponseWriter, query *dns.Msg) *dns.Msg {
+func (f *DNSForwarder) handleDNSQuery(logger *log.Entry, w dns.ResponseWriter, query *dns.Msg) *dns.Msg {
 	if len(query.Question) == 0 {
 		return nil
 	}
 	question := query.Question[0]
-	log.Tracef("received DNS request for DNS forwarder: domain=%v type=%v class=%v",
-		question.Name, question.Qtype, question.Qclass)
+	logger.Tracef("received DNS request for DNS forwarder: domain=%s type=%s class=%s",
+		question.Name, dns.TypeToString[question.Qtype], dns.ClassToString[question.Qclass])
 
 	domain := strings.ToLower(question.Name)
 
 	resp := query.SetReply(query)
-	var network string
-	switch question.Qtype {
-	case dns.TypeA:
-		network = "ip4"
-	case dns.TypeAAAA:
-		network = "ip6"
-	default:
-		// TODO: Handle other types
-
+	network := resutil.NetworkForQtype(question.Qtype)
+	if network == "" {
 		resp.Rcode = dns.RcodeNotImplemented
 		if err := w.WriteMsg(resp); err != nil {
-			log.Errorf("failed to write DNS response: %v", err)
+			logger.Errorf("failed to write DNS response: %v", err)
 		}
 		return nil
 	}
@@ -221,33 +215,35 @@ func (f *DNSForwarder) handleDNSQuery(w dns.ResponseWriter, query *dns.Msg) *dns
 	if mostSpecificResId == "" {
 		resp.Rcode = dns.RcodeRefused
 		if err := w.WriteMsg(resp); err != nil {
-			log.Errorf("failed to write DNS response: %v", err)
+			logger.Errorf("failed to write DNS response: %v", err)
 		}
 		return nil
 	}
 
 	ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), upstreamTimeout)
 	defer cancel()
-	ips, err := f.resolver.LookupNetIP(ctx, network, domain)
-	if err != nil {
-		f.handleDNSError(ctx, w, question, resp, domain, err)
+
+	result := resutil.LookupIP(ctx, f.resolver, network, domain, question.Qtype)
+	if result.Err != nil {
+		f.handleDNSError(ctx, logger, w, question, resp, domain, result)
 		return nil
 	}
 
-	// Unmap IPv4-mapped IPv6 addresses that some resolvers may return
-	for i, ip := range ips {
-		ips[i] = ip.Unmap()
-	}
-
-	f.updateInternalState(ips, mostSpecificResId, matchingEntries)
-	f.addIPsToResponse(resp, domain, ips)
-	f.cache.set(domain, question.Qtype, ips)
+	f.updateInternalState(result.IPs, mostSpecificResId, matchingEntries)
+	resp.Answer = append(resp.Answer, resutil.IPsToRRs(domain, result.IPs, f.ttl)...)
+	f.cache.set(domain, question.Qtype, result.IPs)
 
 	return resp
 }
 
 func (f *DNSForwarder) handleDNSQueryUDP(w dns.ResponseWriter, query *dns.Msg) {
-	resp := f.handleDNSQuery(w, query)
+	startTime := time.Now()
+	logger := log.WithFields(log.Fields{
+		"request_id": resutil.GenerateRequestID(),
+		"dns_id":     fmt.Sprintf("%04x", query.Id),
+	})
+
+	resp := f.handleDNSQuery(logger, w, query)
 	if resp == nil {
 		return
 	}
@@ -265,19 +261,33 @@ func (f *DNSForwarder) handleDNSQueryUDP(w dns.ResponseWriter, query *dns.Msg) {
 	}
 
 	if err := w.WriteMsg(resp); err != nil {
-		log.Errorf("failed to write DNS response: %v", err)
+		logger.Errorf("failed to write DNS response: %v", err)
+		return
 	}
+
+	logger.Tracef("response: domain=%s rcode=%s answers=%s took=%s",
+		query.Question[0].Name, dns.RcodeToString[resp.Rcode], resutil.FormatAnswers(resp.Answer), time.Since(startTime))
 }
 
 func (f *DNSForwarder) handleDNSQueryTCP(w dns.ResponseWriter, query *dns.Msg) {
-	resp := f.handleDNSQuery(w, query)
+	startTime := time.Now()
+	logger := log.WithFields(log.Fields{
+		"request_id": resutil.GenerateRequestID(),
+		"dns_id":     fmt.Sprintf("%04x", query.Id),
+	})
+
+	resp := f.handleDNSQuery(logger, w, query)
 	if resp == nil {
 		return
 	}
 
 	if err := w.WriteMsg(resp); err != nil {
-		log.Errorf("failed to write DNS response: %v", err)
+		logger.Errorf("failed to write DNS response: %v", err)
+		return
 	}
+
+	logger.Tracef("response: domain=%s rcode=%s answers=%s took=%s",
+		query.Question[0].Name, dns.RcodeToString[resp.Rcode], resutil.FormatAnswers(resp.Answer), time.Since(startTime))
 }
 
 func (f *DNSForwarder) updateInternalState(ips []netip.Addr, mostSpecificResId route.ResID, matchingEntries []*ForwarderEntry) {
@@ -315,140 +325,64 @@ func (f *DNSForwarder) updateFirewall(matchingEntries []*ForwarderEntry, prefixe
 	}
 }
 
-// setResponseCodeForNotFound determines and sets the appropriate response code when IsNotFound is true
-// It distinguishes between NXDOMAIN (domain doesn't exist) and NODATA (domain exists but no records of requested type)
-//
-// LIMITATION: This function only checks A and AAAA record types to determine domain existence.
-// If a domain has only other record types (MX, TXT, CNAME, etc.) but no A/AAAA records,
-// it may incorrectly return NXDOMAIN instead of NODATA. This is acceptable since the forwarder
-// only handles A/AAAA queries and returns NOTIMP for other types.
-func (f *DNSForwarder) setResponseCodeForNotFound(ctx context.Context, resp *dns.Msg, domain string, originalQtype uint16) {
-	// Try querying for a different record type to see if the domain exists
-	// If the original query was for AAAA, try A. If it was for A, try AAAA.
-	// This helps distinguish between NXDOMAIN and NODATA.
-	var alternativeNetwork string
-	switch originalQtype {
-	case dns.TypeAAAA:
-		alternativeNetwork = "ip4"
-	case dns.TypeA:
-		alternativeNetwork = "ip6"
-	default:
-		resp.Rcode = dns.RcodeNameError
-		return
-	}
-
-	if _, err := f.resolver.LookupNetIP(ctx, alternativeNetwork, domain); err != nil {
-		var dnsErr *net.DNSError
-		if errors.As(err, &dnsErr) && dnsErr.IsNotFound {
-			// Alternative query also returned not found - domain truly doesn't exist
-			resp.Rcode = dns.RcodeNameError
-			return
-		}
-		// Some other error (timeout, server failure, etc.) - can't determine, assume domain exists
-		resp.Rcode = dns.RcodeSuccess
-		return
-	}
-
-	// Alternative query succeeded - domain exists but has no records of this type
-	resp.Rcode = dns.RcodeSuccess
-}
-
 // handleDNSError processes DNS lookup errors and sends an appropriate error response.
 func (f *DNSForwarder) handleDNSError(
 	ctx context.Context,
+	logger *log.Entry,
 	w dns.ResponseWriter,
 	question dns.Question,
 	resp *dns.Msg,
 	domain string,
-	err error,
+	result resutil.LookupResult,
 ) {
-	// Default to SERVFAIL; override below when appropriate.
-	resp.Rcode = dns.RcodeServerFailure
-
 	qType := question.Qtype
 	qTypeName := dns.TypeToString[qType]
 
-	// Prefer typed DNS errors; fall back to generic logging otherwise.
-	var dnsErr *net.DNSError
-	if !errors.As(err, &dnsErr) {
-		log.Warnf(errResolveFailed, domain, err)
-		if writeErr := w.WriteMsg(resp); writeErr != nil {
-			log.Errorf("failed to write failure DNS response: %v", writeErr)
-		}
-		return
-	}
+	resp.Rcode = result.Rcode
 
-	// NotFound: set NXDOMAIN / appropriate code via helper.
-	if dnsErr.IsNotFound {
-		f.setResponseCodeForNotFound(ctx, resp, domain, qType)
-		if writeErr := w.WriteMsg(resp); writeErr != nil {
-			log.Errorf("failed to write failure DNS response: %v", writeErr)
-		}
+	// NotFound: cache negative result and respond
+	if result.Rcode == dns.RcodeNameError || result.Rcode == dns.RcodeSuccess {
 		f.cache.set(domain, question.Qtype, nil)
+		if writeErr := w.WriteMsg(resp); writeErr != nil {
+			logger.Errorf("failed to write failure DNS response: %v", writeErr)
+		}
 		return
 	}
 
 	// Upstream failed but we might have a cached answer—serve it if present.
 	if ips, ok := f.cache.get(domain, qType); ok {
 		if len(ips) > 0 {
-			log.Debugf("serving cached DNS response after upstream failure: domain=%s type=%s", domain, qTypeName)
-			f.addIPsToResponse(resp, domain, ips)
+			logger.Debugf("serving cached DNS response after upstream failure: domain=%s type=%s", domain, qTypeName)
+			resp.Answer = append(resp.Answer, resutil.IPsToRRs(domain, ips, f.ttl)...)
 			resp.Rcode = dns.RcodeSuccess
 			if writeErr := w.WriteMsg(resp); writeErr != nil {
-				log.Errorf("failed to write cached DNS response: %v", writeErr)
-			}
-		} else { // send NXDOMAIN / appropriate code if cache is empty
-			f.setResponseCodeForNotFound(ctx, resp, domain, qType)
-			if writeErr := w.WriteMsg(resp); writeErr != nil {
-				log.Errorf("failed to write failure DNS response: %v", writeErr)
+				logger.Errorf("failed to write cached DNS response: %v", writeErr)
 			}
+			return
+		}
+
+		// Cached negative result - re-verify NXDOMAIN vs NODATA
+		verifyResult := resutil.LookupIP(ctx, f.resolver, resutil.NetworkForQtype(qType), domain, qType)
+		if verifyResult.Rcode == dns.RcodeNameError || verifyResult.Rcode == dns.RcodeSuccess {
+			resp.Rcode = verifyResult.Rcode
+			if writeErr := w.WriteMsg(resp); writeErr != nil {
+				logger.Errorf("failed to write failure DNS response: %v", writeErr)
+			}
+			return
 		}
-		return
 	}
 
-	// No cache. Log with or without the server field for more context.
-	if dnsErr.Server != "" {
-		log.Warnf("failed to resolve: type=%s domain=%s server=%s: %v", qTypeName, domain, dnsErr.Server, err)
+	// No cache or verification failed. Log with or without the server field for more context.
+	var dnsErr *net.DNSError
+	if errors.As(result.Err, &dnsErr) && dnsErr.Server != "" {
+		logger.Warnf("failed to resolve: type=%s domain=%s server=%s: %v", qTypeName, domain, dnsErr.Server, result.Err)
 	} else {
-		log.Warnf(errResolveFailed, domain, err)
+		logger.Warnf(errResolveFailed, domain, result.Err)
 	}
 
 	// Write final failure response.
 	if writeErr := w.WriteMsg(resp); writeErr != nil {
-		log.Errorf("failed to write failure DNS response: %v", writeErr)
-	}
-}
-
-// addIPsToResponse adds IP addresses to the DNS response as appropriate A or AAAA records
-func (f *DNSForwarder) addIPsToResponse(resp *dns.Msg, domain string, ips []netip.Addr) {
-	for _, ip := range ips {
-		var respRecord dns.RR
-		if ip.Is6() {
-			log.Tracef("resolved domain=%s to IPv6=%s", domain, ip)
-			rr := dns.AAAA{
-				AAAA: ip.AsSlice(),
-				Hdr: dns.RR_Header{
-					Name:   domain,
-					Rrtype: dns.TypeAAAA,
-					Class:  dns.ClassINET,
-					Ttl:    f.ttl,
-				},
-			}
-			respRecord = &rr
-		} else {
-			log.Tracef("resolved domain=%s to IPv4=%s", domain, ip)
-			rr := dns.A{
-				A: ip.AsSlice(),
-				Hdr: dns.RR_Header{
-					Name:   domain,
-					Rrtype: dns.TypeA,
-					Class:  dns.ClassINET,
-					Ttl:    f.ttl,
-				},
-			}
-			respRecord = &rr
-		}
-		resp.Answer = append(resp.Answer, respRecord)
+		logger.Errorf("failed to write failure DNS response: %v", writeErr)
 	}
 }
 

client/internal/dnsfwd/forwarder_test.go

@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ import (
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/miekg/dns"
+	log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/mock"
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
@@ -317,7 +318,7 @@ func TestDNSForwarder_UnauthorizedDomainAccess(t *testing.T) {
 			query.SetQuestion(dns.Fqdn(tt.queryDomain), dns.TypeA)
 
 			mockWriter := &test.MockResponseWriter{}
-			resp := forwarder.handleDNSQuery(mockWriter, query)
+			resp := forwarder.handleDNSQuery(log.NewEntry(log.StandardLogger()), mockWriter, query)
 
 			if tt.shouldResolve {
 				require.NotNil(t, resp, "Expected response for authorized domain")
@@ -465,7 +466,7 @@ func TestDNSForwarder_FirewallSetUpdates(t *testing.T) {
 			dnsQuery.SetQuestion(dns.Fqdn(tt.query), dns.TypeA)
 
 			mockWriter := &test.MockResponseWriter{}
-			resp := forwarder.handleDNSQuery(mockWriter, dnsQuery)
+			resp := forwarder.handleDNSQuery(log.NewEntry(log.StandardLogger()), mockWriter, dnsQuery)
 
 			// Verify response
 			if tt.shouldResolve {
@@ -527,7 +528,7 @@ func TestDNSForwarder_MultipleIPsInSingleUpdate(t *testing.T) {
 	query.SetQuestion("example.com.", dns.TypeA)
 
 	mockWriter := &test.MockResponseWriter{}
-	resp := forwarder.handleDNSQuery(mockWriter, query)
+	resp := forwarder.handleDNSQuery(log.NewEntry(log.StandardLogger()), mockWriter, query)
 
 	// Verify response contains all IPs
 	require.NotNil(t, resp)
@@ -604,7 +605,7 @@ func TestDNSForwarder_ResponseCodes(t *testing.T) {
 				},
 			}
 
-			_ = forwarder.handleDNSQuery(mockWriter, query)
+			_ = forwarder.handleDNSQuery(log.NewEntry(log.StandardLogger()), mockWriter, query)
 
 			// Check the response written to the writer
 			require.NotNil(t, writtenResp, "Expected response to be written")
@@ -674,7 +675,7 @@ func TestDNSForwarder_ServeFromCacheOnUpstreamFailure(t *testing.T) {
 	q1 := &dns.Msg{}
 	q1.SetQuestion(dns.Fqdn("example.com"), dns.TypeA)
 	w1 := &test.MockResponseWriter{}
-	resp1 := forwarder.handleDNSQuery(w1, q1)
+	resp1 := forwarder.handleDNSQuery(log.NewEntry(log.StandardLogger()), w1, q1)
 	require.NotNil(t, resp1)
 	require.Equal(t, dns.RcodeSuccess, resp1.Rcode)
 	require.Len(t, resp1.Answer, 1)
@@ -684,7 +685,7 @@ func TestDNSForwarder_ServeFromCacheOnUpstreamFailure(t *testing.T) {
 	q2.SetQuestion(dns.Fqdn("example.com"), dns.TypeA)
 	var writtenResp *dns.Msg
 	w2 := &test.MockResponseWriter{WriteMsgFunc: func(m *dns.Msg) error { writtenResp = m; return nil }}
-	_ = forwarder.handleDNSQuery(w2, q2)
+	_ = forwarder.handleDNSQuery(log.NewEntry(log.StandardLogger()), w2, q2)
 
 	require.NotNil(t, writtenResp, "expected response to be written")
 	require.Equal(t, dns.RcodeSuccess, writtenResp.Rcode)
@@ -714,7 +715,7 @@ func TestDNSForwarder_CacheNormalizationCasingAndDot(t *testing.T) {
 	q1 := &dns.Msg{}
 	q1.SetQuestion(mixedQuery+".", dns.TypeA)
 	w1 := &test.MockResponseWriter{}
-	resp1 := forwarder.handleDNSQuery(w1, q1)
+	resp1 := forwarder.handleDNSQuery(log.NewEntry(log.StandardLogger()), w1, q1)
 	require.NotNil(t, resp1)
 	require.Equal(t, dns.RcodeSuccess, resp1.Rcode)
 	require.Len(t, resp1.Answer, 1)
@@ -728,7 +729,7 @@ func TestDNSForwarder_CacheNormalizationCasingAndDot(t *testing.T) {
 	q2.SetQuestion("EXAMPLE.COM", dns.TypeA)
 	var writtenResp *dns.Msg
 	w2 := &test.MockResponseWriter{WriteMsgFunc: func(m *dns.Msg) error { writtenResp = m; return nil }}
-	_ = forwarder.handleDNSQuery(w2, q2)
+	_ = forwarder.handleDNSQuery(log.NewEntry(log.StandardLogger()), w2, q2)
 
 	require.NotNil(t, writtenResp)
 	require.Equal(t, dns.RcodeSuccess, writtenResp.Rcode)
@@ -783,7 +784,7 @@ func TestDNSForwarder_MultipleOverlappingPatterns(t *testing.T) {
 	query.SetQuestion("smtp.mail.example.com.", dns.TypeA)
 
 	mockWriter := &test.MockResponseWriter{}
-	resp := forwarder.handleDNSQuery(mockWriter, query)
+	resp := forwarder.handleDNSQuery(log.NewEntry(log.StandardLogger()), mockWriter, query)
 
 	require.NotNil(t, resp)
 	assert.Equal(t, dns.RcodeSuccess, resp.Rcode)
@@ -904,7 +905,7 @@ func TestDNSForwarder_NodataVsNxdomain(t *testing.T) {
 				},
 			}
 
-			resp := forwarder.handleDNSQuery(mockWriter, query)
+			resp := forwarder.handleDNSQuery(log.NewEntry(log.StandardLogger()), mockWriter, query)
 
 			// If a response was returned, it means it should be written (happens in wrapper functions)
 			if resp != nil && writtenResp == nil {
@@ -937,7 +938,7 @@ func TestDNSForwarder_EmptyQuery(t *testing.T) {
 			return nil
 		},
 	}
-	resp := forwarder.handleDNSQuery(mockWriter, query)
+	resp := forwarder.handleDNSQuery(log.NewEntry(log.StandardLogger()), mockWriter, query)
 
 	assert.Nil(t, resp, "Should return nil for empty query")
 	assert.False(t, writeCalled, "Should not write response for empty query")

client/internal/engine.go

@@ -1121,6 +1121,15 @@ func (e *Engine) updateNetworkMap(networkMap *mgmProto.NetworkMap) error {
 
 	e.updateOfflinePeers(networkMap.GetOfflinePeers())
 
+	// Filter out own peer from the remote peers list
+	localPubKey := e.config.WgPrivateKey.PublicKey().String()
+	remotePeers := make([]*mgmProto.RemotePeerConfig, 0, len(networkMap.GetRemotePeers()))
+	for _, p := range networkMap.GetRemotePeers() {
+		if p.GetWgPubKey() != localPubKey {
+			remotePeers = append(remotePeers, p)
+		}
+	}
+
 	// cleanup request, most likely our peer has been deleted
 	if networkMap.GetRemotePeersIsEmpty() {
 		err := e.removeAllPeers()
@@ -1129,32 +1138,34 @@ func (e *Engine) updateNetworkMap(networkMap *mgmProto.NetworkMap) error {
 			return err
 		}
 	} else {
-		err := e.removePeers(networkMap.GetRemotePeers())
+		err := e.removePeers(remotePeers)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
 
-		err = e.modifyPeers(networkMap.GetRemotePeers())
+		err = e.modifyPeers(remotePeers)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
 
-		err = e.addNewPeers(networkMap.GetRemotePeers())
+		err = e.addNewPeers(remotePeers)
 		if err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
 
 		e.statusRecorder.FinishPeerListModifications()
 
-		e.updatePeerSSHHostKeys(networkMap.GetRemotePeers())
+		e.updatePeerSSHHostKeys(remotePeers)
 
-		if err := e.updateSSHClientConfig(networkMap.GetRemotePeers()); err != nil {
+		if err := e.updateSSHClientConfig(remotePeers); err != nil {
 			log.Warnf("failed to update SSH client config: %v", err)
 		}
+
+		e.updateSSHServerAuth(networkMap.GetSshAuth())
 	}
 
 	// must set the exclude list after the peers are added. Without it the manager can not figure out the peers parameters from the store
-	excludedLazyPeers := e.toExcludedLazyPeers(forwardingRules, networkMap.GetRemotePeers())
+	excludedLazyPeers := e.toExcludedLazyPeers(forwardingRules, remotePeers)
 	e.connMgr.SetExcludeList(e.ctx, excludedLazyPeers)
 
 	e.networkSerial = serial
@@ -1240,11 +1251,16 @@ func toDNSConfig(protoDNSConfig *mgmProto.DNSConfig, network netip.Prefix) nbdns
 		ForwarderPort:    forwarderPort,
 	}
 
-	for _, zone := range protoDNSConfig.GetCustomZones() {
+	protoZones := protoDNSConfig.GetCustomZones()
+	// Treat single zone as authoritative for backward compatibility with old servers
+	// that only send the peer FQDN zone without setting field 4.
+	singleZoneCompat := len(protoZones) == 1
+
+	for _, zone := range protoZones {
 		dnsZone := nbdns.CustomZone{
 			Domain:               zone.GetDomain(),
 			SearchDomainDisabled: zone.GetSearchDomainDisabled(),
-			SkipPTRProcess:       zone.GetSkipPTRProcess(),
+			NonAuthoritative:     zone.GetNonAuthoritative() && !singleZoneCompat,
 		}
 		for _, record := range zone.Records {
 			dnsRecord := nbdns.SimpleRecord{

client/internal/engine_ssh.go

@@ -11,15 +11,18 @@ import (
 
 	firewallManager "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/firewall/manager"
 	nftypes "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/netflow/types"
+	sshauth "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/ssh/auth"
 	sshconfig "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/ssh/config"
 	sshserver "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/ssh/server"
 	mgmProto "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/shared/management/proto"
+	sshuserhash "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/shared/sshauth"
 )
 
 type sshServer interface {
 	Start(ctx context.Context, addr netip.AddrPort) error
 	Stop() error
 	GetStatus() (bool, []sshserver.SessionInfo)
+	UpdateSSHAuth(config *sshauth.Config)
 }
 
 func (e *Engine) setupSSHPortRedirection() error {
@@ -353,3 +356,38 @@ func (e *Engine) GetSSHServerStatus() (enabled bool, sessions []sshserver.Sessio
 
 	return sshServer.GetStatus()
 }
+
+// updateSSHServerAuth updates SSH fine-grained access control configuration on a running SSH server
+func (e *Engine) updateSSHServerAuth(sshAuth *mgmProto.SSHAuth) {
+	if sshAuth == nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	if e.sshServer == nil {
+		return
+	}
+
+	protoUsers := sshAuth.GetAuthorizedUsers()
+	authorizedUsers := make([]sshuserhash.UserIDHash, len(protoUsers))
+	for i, hash := range protoUsers {
+		if len(hash) != 16 {
+			log.Warnf("invalid hash length %d, expected 16 - skipping SSH server auth update", len(hash))
+			return
+		}
+		authorizedUsers[i] = sshuserhash.UserIDHash(hash)
+	}
+
+	machineUsers := make(map[string][]uint32)
+	for osUser, indexes := range sshAuth.GetMachineUsers() {
+		machineUsers[osUser] = indexes.GetIndexes()
+	}
+
+	// Update SSH server with new authorization configuration
+	authConfig := &sshauth.Config{
+		UserIDClaim:     sshAuth.GetUserIDClaim(),
+		AuthorizedUsers: authorizedUsers,
+		MachineUsers:    machineUsers,
+	}
+
+	e.sshServer.UpdateSSHAuth(authConfig)
+}

client/internal/engine_test.go

@@ -1631,7 +1631,7 @@ func startManagement(t *testing.T, dataDir, testFile string) (*grpc.Server, stri
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, "", err
 	}
-	mgmtServer, err := nbgrpc.NewServer(config, accountManager, settingsMockManager, secretsManager, nil, nil, &server.MockIntegratedValidator{}, networkMapController)
+	mgmtServer, err := nbgrpc.NewServer(config, accountManager, settingsMockManager, secretsManager, nil, nil, &server.MockIntegratedValidator{}, networkMapController, nil)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, "", err
 	}

client/internal/iface.go

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 //go:build !windows
-// +build !windows
 
 package internal
 

client/internal/networkmonitor/check_change_darwin.go

@@ -110,7 +110,6 @@ func wakeUpListen(ctx context.Context) {
 			}
 
 			if newHash == initialHash {
-				log.Tracef("no wakeup detected")
 				continue
 			}
 

client/internal/peer/conn.go

@@ -148,13 +148,15 @@ func NewConn(config ConnConfig, services ServiceDependencies) (*Conn, error) {
 // It will try to establish a connection using ICE and in parallel with relay. The higher priority connection type will
 // be used.
 func (conn *Conn) Open(engineCtx context.Context) error {
-	conn.semaphore.Add(engineCtx)
+	if err := conn.semaphore.Add(engineCtx); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
 
 	conn.mu.Lock()
 	defer conn.mu.Unlock()
 
 	if conn.opened {
-		conn.semaphore.Done(engineCtx)
+		conn.semaphore.Done()
 		return nil
 	}
 
@@ -165,6 +167,7 @@ func (conn *Conn) Open(engineCtx context.Context) error {
 	relayIsSupportedLocally := conn.workerRelay.RelayIsSupportedLocally()
 	workerICE, err := NewWorkerICE(conn.ctx, conn.Log, conn.config, conn, conn.signaler, conn.iFaceDiscover, conn.statusRecorder, relayIsSupportedLocally)
 	if err != nil {
+		conn.semaphore.Done()
 		return err
 	}
 	conn.workerICE = workerICE
@@ -200,7 +203,7 @@ func (conn *Conn) Open(engineCtx context.Context) error {
 		defer conn.wg.Done()
 
 		conn.waitInitialRandomSleepTime(conn.ctx)
-		conn.semaphore.Done(conn.ctx)
+		conn.semaphore.Done()
 
 		conn.guard.Start(conn.ctx, conn.onGuardEvent)
 	}()
@@ -666,10 +669,17 @@ func (conn *Conn) isConnectedOnAllWay() (connected bool) {
 		}
 	}()
 
-	if runtime.GOOS != "js" && conn.statusICE.Get() == worker.StatusDisconnected && !conn.workerICE.InProgress() {
+	// For JS platform: only relay connection is supported
+	if runtime.GOOS == "js" {
+		return conn.statusRelay.Get() == worker.StatusConnected
+	}
+
+	// For non-JS platforms: check ICE connection status
+	if conn.statusICE.Get() == worker.StatusDisconnected && !conn.workerICE.InProgress() {
 		return false
 	}
 
+	// If relay is supported with peer, it must also be connected
 	if conn.workerRelay.IsRelayConnectionSupportedWithPeer() {
 		if conn.statusRelay.Get() == worker.StatusDisconnected {
 			return false

client/internal/profilemanager/config.go

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@ package profilemanager
 import (
 	"context"
 	"crypto/tls"
+	"encoding/json"
 	"fmt"
 	"net/url"
 	"os"
@@ -684,7 +685,7 @@ func update(input ConfigInput) (*Config, error) {
 	return config, nil
 }
 
-// GetConfig read config file and return with Config. Errors out if it does not exist
+// GetConfig read config file and return with Config and if it was created. Errors out if it does not exist
 func GetConfig(configPath string) (*Config, error) {
 	return readConfig(configPath, false)
 }
@@ -820,3 +821,85 @@ func readConfig(configPath string, createIfMissing bool) (*Config, error) {
 func WriteOutConfig(path string, config *Config) error {
 	return util.WriteJson(context.Background(), path, config)
 }
+
+// DirectWriteOutConfig writes config directly without atomic temp file operations.
+// Use this on platforms where atomic writes are blocked (e.g., tvOS sandbox).
+func DirectWriteOutConfig(path string, config *Config) error {
+	return util.DirectWriteJson(context.Background(), path, config)
+}
+
+// DirectUpdateOrCreateConfig is like UpdateOrCreateConfig but uses direct (non-atomic) writes.
+// Use this on platforms where atomic writes are blocked (e.g., tvOS sandbox).
+func DirectUpdateOrCreateConfig(input ConfigInput) (*Config, error) {
+	if !fileExists(input.ConfigPath) {
+		log.Infof("generating new config %s", input.ConfigPath)
+		cfg, err := createNewConfig(input)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		err = util.DirectWriteJson(context.Background(), input.ConfigPath, cfg)
+		return cfg, err
+	}
+
+	if isPreSharedKeyHidden(input.PreSharedKey) {
+		input.PreSharedKey = nil
+	}
+
+	// Enforce permissions on existing config files (same as UpdateOrCreateConfig)
+	if err := util.EnforcePermission(input.ConfigPath); err != nil {
+		log.Errorf("failed to enforce permission on config file: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	return directUpdate(input)
+}
+
+func directUpdate(input ConfigInput) (*Config, error) {
+	config := &Config{}
+
+	if _, err := util.ReadJson(input.ConfigPath, config); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	updated, err := config.apply(input)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	if updated {
+		if err := util.DirectWriteJson(context.Background(), input.ConfigPath, config); err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+	}
+
+	return config, nil
+}
+
+// ConfigToJSON serializes a Config struct to a JSON string.
+// This is useful for exporting config to alternative storage mechanisms
+// (e.g., UserDefaults on tvOS where file writes are blocked).
+func ConfigToJSON(config *Config) (string, error) {
+	bs, err := json.MarshalIndent(config, "", "    ")
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+	return string(bs), nil
+}
+
+// ConfigFromJSON deserializes a JSON string to a Config struct.
+// This is useful for restoring config from alternative storage mechanisms.
+// After unmarshaling, defaults are applied to ensure the config is fully initialized.
+func ConfigFromJSON(jsonStr string) (*Config, error) {
+	config := &Config{}
+	err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(jsonStr), config)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	// Apply defaults to ensure required fields are initialized.
+	// This mirrors what readConfig does after loading from file.
+	if _, err := config.apply(ConfigInput{}); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to apply defaults to config: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return config, nil
+}

client/internal/profilemanager/service.go

@@ -126,14 +126,6 @@ func (s *ServiceManager) CopyDefaultProfileIfNotExists() (bool, error) {
 		log.Warnf("failed to set permissions for default profile: %v", err)
 	}
 
-	if err := s.SetActiveProfileState(&ActiveProfileState{
-		Name:     "default",
-		Username: "",
-	}); err != nil {
-		log.Errorf("failed to set active profile state: %v", err)
-		return false, fmt.Errorf("failed to set active profile state: %w", err)
-	}
-
 	return true, nil
 }
 

client/internal/routemanager/dnsinterceptor/handler.go

@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ import (
 	firewall "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/firewall/manager"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/iface/wgaddr"
 	nbdns "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/dns"
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/dns/resutil"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/peer"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/peerstore"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/routemanager/common"
@@ -219,14 +220,14 @@ func (d *DnsInterceptor) RemoveAllowedIPs() error {
 
 // ServeDNS implements the dns.Handler interface
 func (d *DnsInterceptor) ServeDNS(w dns.ResponseWriter, r *dns.Msg) {
-	requestID := nbdns.GenerateRequestID()
-	logger := log.WithField("request_id", requestID)
+	logger := log.WithFields(log.Fields{
+		"request_id": resutil.GetRequestID(w),
+		"dns_id":     fmt.Sprintf("%04x", r.Id),
+	})
 
 	if len(r.Question) == 0 {
 		return
 	}
-	logger.Tracef("received DNS request for domain=%s type=%v class=%v",
-		r.Question[0].Name, r.Question[0].Qtype, r.Question[0].Qclass)
 
 	// pass if non A/AAAA query
 	if r.Question[0].Qtype != dns.TypeA && r.Question[0].Qtype != dns.TypeAAAA {
@@ -280,15 +281,10 @@ func (d *DnsInterceptor) ServeDNS(w dns.ResponseWriter, r *dns.Msg) {
 		return
 	}
 
-	var answer []dns.RR
-	if reply != nil {
-		answer = reply.Answer
-	}
-
-	logger.Tracef("upstream %s (%s) DNS response for domain=%s answers=%v", upstreamIP.String(), peerKey, r.Question[0].Name, answer)
+	resutil.SetMeta(w, "peer", peerKey)
 
 	reply.Id = r.Id
-	if err := d.writeMsg(w, reply); err != nil {
+	if err := d.writeMsg(w, reply, logger); err != nil {
 		logger.Errorf("failed writing DNS response: %v", err)
 	}
 }
@@ -324,11 +320,15 @@ func (d *DnsInterceptor) getUpstreamIP(peerKey string) (netip.Addr, error) {
 	return peerAllowedIP, nil
 }
 
-func (d *DnsInterceptor) writeMsg(w dns.ResponseWriter, r *dns.Msg) error {
+func (d *DnsInterceptor) writeMsg(w dns.ResponseWriter, r *dns.Msg, logger *log.Entry) error {
 	if r == nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("received nil DNS message")
 	}
 
+	// Clear Zero bit from peer responses to prevent external sources from
+	// manipulating our internal fallthrough signaling mechanism
+	r.MsgHdr.Zero = false
+
 	if len(r.Answer) > 0 && len(r.Question) > 0 {
 		origPattern := ""
 		if writer, ok := w.(*nbdns.ResponseWriterChain); ok {
@@ -350,14 +350,14 @@ func (d *DnsInterceptor) writeMsg(w dns.ResponseWriter, r *dns.Msg) error {
 			case *dns.A:
 				addr, ok := netip.AddrFromSlice(rr.A)
 				if !ok {
-					log.Tracef("failed to convert A record for domain=%s ip=%v", resolvedDomain, rr.A)
+					logger.Tracef("failed to convert A record for domain=%s ip=%v", resolvedDomain, rr.A)
 					continue
 				}
 				ip = addr
 			case *dns.AAAA:
 				addr, ok := netip.AddrFromSlice(rr.AAAA)
 				if !ok {
-					log.Tracef("failed to convert AAAA record for domain=%s ip=%v", resolvedDomain, rr.AAAA)
+					logger.Tracef("failed to convert AAAA record for domain=%s ip=%v", resolvedDomain, rr.AAAA)
 					continue
 				}
 				ip = addr
@@ -370,11 +370,11 @@ func (d *DnsInterceptor) writeMsg(w dns.ResponseWriter, r *dns.Msg) error {
 		}
 
 		if len(newPrefixes) > 0 {
-			if err := d.updateDomainPrefixes(resolvedDomain, originalDomain, newPrefixes); err != nil {
-				log.Errorf("failed to update domain prefixes: %v", err)
+			if err := d.updateDomainPrefixes(resolvedDomain, originalDomain, newPrefixes, logger); err != nil {
+				logger.Errorf("failed to update domain prefixes: %v", err)
 			}
 
-			d.replaceIPsInDNSResponse(r, newPrefixes)
+			d.replaceIPsInDNSResponse(r, newPrefixes, logger)
 		}
 	}
 
@@ -386,22 +386,22 @@ func (d *DnsInterceptor) writeMsg(w dns.ResponseWriter, r *dns.Msg) error {
 }
 
 // logPrefixChanges handles the logging for prefix changes
-func (d *DnsInterceptor) logPrefixChanges(resolvedDomain, originalDomain domain.Domain, toAdd, toRemove []netip.Prefix) {
+func (d *DnsInterceptor) logPrefixChanges(resolvedDomain, originalDomain domain.Domain, toAdd, toRemove []netip.Prefix, logger *log.Entry) {
 	if len(toAdd) > 0 {
-		log.Debugf("added dynamic route(s) for domain=%s (pattern: domain=%s): %s",
+		logger.Debugf("added dynamic route(s) for domain=%s (pattern: domain=%s): %s",
 			resolvedDomain.SafeString(),
 			originalDomain.SafeString(),
 			toAdd)
 	}
 	if len(toRemove) > 0 && !d.route.KeepRoute {
-		log.Debugf("removed dynamic route(s) for domain=%s (pattern: domain=%s): %s",
+		logger.Debugf("removed dynamic route(s) for domain=%s (pattern: domain=%s): %s",
 			resolvedDomain.SafeString(),
 			originalDomain.SafeString(),
 			toRemove)
 	}
 }
 
-func (d *DnsInterceptor) updateDomainPrefixes(resolvedDomain, originalDomain domain.Domain, newPrefixes []netip.Prefix) error {
+func (d *DnsInterceptor) updateDomainPrefixes(resolvedDomain, originalDomain domain.Domain, newPrefixes []netip.Prefix, logger *log.Entry) error {
 	d.mu.Lock()
 	defer d.mu.Unlock()
 
@@ -418,9 +418,9 @@ func (d *DnsInterceptor) updateDomainPrefixes(resolvedDomain, originalDomain dom
 			realIP := prefix.Addr()
 			if fakeIP, err := d.fakeIPManager.AllocateFakeIP(realIP); err == nil {
 				dnatMappings[fakeIP] = realIP
-				log.Tracef("allocated fake IP %s for real IP %s", fakeIP, realIP)
+				logger.Tracef("allocated fake IP %s for real IP %s", fakeIP, realIP)
 			} else {
-				log.Errorf("Failed to allocate fake IP for %s: %v", realIP, err)
+				logger.Errorf("failed to allocate fake IP for %s: %v", realIP, err)
 			}
 		}
 	}
@@ -432,7 +432,7 @@ func (d *DnsInterceptor) updateDomainPrefixes(resolvedDomain, originalDomain dom
 		}
 	}
 
-	d.addDNATMappings(dnatMappings)
+	d.addDNATMappings(dnatMappings, logger)
 
 	if !d.route.KeepRoute {
 		// Remove old prefixes
@@ -448,7 +448,7 @@ func (d *DnsInterceptor) updateDomainPrefixes(resolvedDomain, originalDomain dom
 			}
 		}
 
-		d.removeDNATMappings(toRemove)
+		d.removeDNATMappings(toRemove, logger)
 	}
 
 	// Update domain prefixes using resolved domain as key - store real IPs
@@ -463,14 +463,14 @@ func (d *DnsInterceptor) updateDomainPrefixes(resolvedDomain, originalDomain dom
 		// Store real IPs for status (user-facing), not fake IPs
 		d.statusRecorder.UpdateResolvedDomainsStates(originalDomain, resolvedDomain, newPrefixes, d.route.GetResourceID())
 
-		d.logPrefixChanges(resolvedDomain, originalDomain, toAdd, toRemove)
+		d.logPrefixChanges(resolvedDomain, originalDomain, toAdd, toRemove, logger)
 	}
 
 	return nberrors.FormatErrorOrNil(merr)
 }
 
 // removeDNATMappings removes DNAT mappings from the firewall for real IP prefixes
-func (d *DnsInterceptor) removeDNATMappings(realPrefixes []netip.Prefix) {
+func (d *DnsInterceptor) removeDNATMappings(realPrefixes []netip.Prefix, logger *log.Entry) {
 	if len(realPrefixes) == 0 {
 		return
 	}
@@ -484,9 +484,9 @@ func (d *DnsInterceptor) removeDNATMappings(realPrefixes []netip.Prefix) {
 		realIP := prefix.Addr()
 		if fakeIP, exists := d.fakeIPManager.GetFakeIP(realIP); exists {
 			if err := dnatFirewall.RemoveInternalDNATMapping(fakeIP); err != nil {
-				log.Errorf("Failed to remove DNAT mapping for %s: %v", fakeIP, err)
+				logger.Errorf("failed to remove DNAT mapping for %s: %v", fakeIP, err)
 			} else {
-				log.Debugf("Removed DNAT mapping for: %s -> %s", fakeIP, realIP)
+				logger.Debugf("removed DNAT mapping: %s -> %s", fakeIP, realIP)
 			}
 		}
 	}
@@ -502,7 +502,7 @@ func (d *DnsInterceptor) internalDnatFw() (internalDNATer, bool) {
 }
 
 // addDNATMappings adds DNAT mappings to the firewall
-func (d *DnsInterceptor) addDNATMappings(mappings map[netip.Addr]netip.Addr) {
+func (d *DnsInterceptor) addDNATMappings(mappings map[netip.Addr]netip.Addr, logger *log.Entry) {
 	if len(mappings) == 0 {
 		return
 	}
@@ -514,9 +514,9 @@ func (d *DnsInterceptor) addDNATMappings(mappings map[netip.Addr]netip.Addr) {
 
 	for fakeIP, realIP := range mappings {
 		if err := dnatFirewall.AddInternalDNATMapping(fakeIP, realIP); err != nil {
-			log.Errorf("Failed to add DNAT mapping %s -> %s: %v", fakeIP, realIP, err)
+			logger.Errorf("failed to add DNAT mapping %s -> %s: %v", fakeIP, realIP, err)
 		} else {
-			log.Debugf("Added DNAT mapping: %s -> %s", fakeIP, realIP)
+			logger.Debugf("added DNAT mapping: %s -> %s", fakeIP, realIP)
 		}
 	}
 }
@@ -528,12 +528,12 @@ func (d *DnsInterceptor) cleanupDNATMappings() {
 	}
 
 	for _, prefixes := range d.interceptedDomains {
-		d.removeDNATMappings(prefixes)
+		d.removeDNATMappings(prefixes, log.NewEntry(log.StandardLogger()))
 	}
 }
 
 // replaceIPsInDNSResponse replaces real IPs with fake IPs in the DNS response
-func (d *DnsInterceptor) replaceIPsInDNSResponse(reply *dns.Msg, realPrefixes []netip.Prefix) {
+func (d *DnsInterceptor) replaceIPsInDNSResponse(reply *dns.Msg, realPrefixes []netip.Prefix, logger *log.Entry) {
 	if _, ok := d.internalDnatFw(); !ok {
 		return
 	}
@@ -549,7 +549,7 @@ func (d *DnsInterceptor) replaceIPsInDNSResponse(reply *dns.Msg, realPrefixes []
 
 			if fakeIP, exists := d.fakeIPManager.GetFakeIP(realIP); exists {
 				rr.A = fakeIP.AsSlice()
-				log.Tracef("Replaced real IP %s with fake IP %s in DNS response", realIP, fakeIP)
+				logger.Tracef("replaced real IP %s with fake IP %s in DNS response", realIP, fakeIP)
 			}
 
 		case *dns.AAAA:
@@ -560,7 +560,7 @@ func (d *DnsInterceptor) replaceIPsInDNSResponse(reply *dns.Msg, realPrefixes []
 
 			if fakeIP, exists := d.fakeIPManager.GetFakeIP(realIP); exists {
 				rr.AAAA = fakeIP.AsSlice()
-				log.Tracef("Replaced real IP %s with fake IP %s in DNS response", realIP, fakeIP)
+				logger.Tracef("replaced real IP %s with fake IP %s in DNS response", realIP, fakeIP)
 			}
 		}
 	}

client/internal/routemanager/iface/iface.go

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 //go:build !windows
-// +build !windows
 
 package iface
 

client/internal/routemanager/systemops/systemops_generic.go

@@ -210,7 +210,8 @@ func (r *SysOps) refreshLocalSubnetsCache() {
 func (r *SysOps) genericAddVPNRoute(prefix netip.Prefix, intf *net.Interface) error {
 	nextHop := Nexthop{netip.Addr{}, intf}
 
-	if prefix == vars.Defaultv4 {
+	switch prefix {
+	case vars.Defaultv4:
 		if err := r.addToRouteTable(splitDefaultv4_1, nextHop); err != nil {
 			return err
 		}
@@ -233,7 +234,7 @@ func (r *SysOps) genericAddVPNRoute(prefix netip.Prefix, intf *net.Interface) er
 		}
 
 		return nil
-	} else if prefix == vars.Defaultv6 {
+	case vars.Defaultv6:
 		if err := r.addToRouteTable(splitDefaultv6_1, nextHop); err != nil {
 			return fmt.Errorf("add unreachable route split 1: %w", err)
 		}
@@ -255,7 +256,8 @@ func (r *SysOps) genericAddVPNRoute(prefix netip.Prefix, intf *net.Interface) er
 func (r *SysOps) genericRemoveVPNRoute(prefix netip.Prefix, intf *net.Interface) error {
 	nextHop := Nexthop{netip.Addr{}, intf}
 
-	if prefix == vars.Defaultv4 {
+	switch prefix {
+	case vars.Defaultv4:
 		var result *multierror.Error
 		if err := r.removeFromRouteTable(splitDefaultv4_1, nextHop); err != nil {
 			result = multierror.Append(result, err)
@@ -273,7 +275,7 @@ func (r *SysOps) genericRemoveVPNRoute(prefix netip.Prefix, intf *net.Interface)
 		}
 
 		return nberrors.FormatErrorOrNil(result)
-	} else if prefix == vars.Defaultv6 {
+	case vars.Defaultv6:
 		var result *multierror.Error
 		if err := r.removeFromRouteTable(splitDefaultv6_1, nextHop); err != nil {
 			result = multierror.Append(result, err)
@@ -283,9 +285,9 @@ func (r *SysOps) genericRemoveVPNRoute(prefix netip.Prefix, intf *net.Interface)
 		}
 
 		return nberrors.FormatErrorOrNil(result)
+	default:
+		return r.removeFromRouteTable(prefix, nextHop)
 	}
-
-	return r.removeFromRouteTable(prefix, nextHop)
 }
 
 func (r *SysOps) setupHooks(initAddresses []net.IP, stateManager *statemanager.Manager) error {

client/internal/updatemanager/installer/installer_run_darwin.go

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ const (
 
 	defaultTempDir = "/var/lib/netbird/tmp-install"
 
-	pkgDownloadURL = "https://github.com/mlsmaycon/netbird/releases/download/v%version/netbird_%version_darwin_%arch.pkg"
+	pkgDownloadURL = "https://github.com/netbirdio/netbird/releases/download/v%version/netbird_%version_darwin_%arch.pkg"
 )
 
 var (

client/internal/updatemanager/installer/installer_run_windows.go

@@ -22,8 +22,8 @@ const (
 
 	msiLogFile = "msi.log"
 
-	msiDownloadURL = "https://github.com/mlsmaycon/netbird/releases/download/v%version/netbird_installer_%version_windows_%arch.msi"
-	exeDownloadURL = "https://github.com/mlsmaycon/netbird/releases/download/v%version/netbird_installer_%version_windows_%arch.exe"
+	msiDownloadURL = "https://github.com/netbirdio/netbird/releases/download/v%version/netbird_installer_%version_windows_%arch.msi"
+	exeDownloadURL = "https://github.com/netbirdio/netbird/releases/download/v%version/netbird_installer_%version_windows_%arch.exe"
 )
 
 var (

client/ios/NetBirdSDK/client.go

@@ -75,6 +75,8 @@ type Client struct {
 	dnsManager            dns.IosDnsManager
 	loginComplete         bool
 	connectClient         *internal.ConnectClient
+	// preloadedConfig holds config loaded from JSON (used on tvOS where file writes are blocked)
+	preloadedConfig *profilemanager.Config
 }
 
 // NewClient instantiate a new Client
@@ -92,17 +94,44 @@ func NewClient(cfgFile, stateFile, deviceName string, osVersion string, osName s
 	}
 }
 
+// SetConfigFromJSON loads config from a JSON string into memory.
+// This is used on tvOS where file writes to App Group containers are blocked.
+// When set, IsLoginRequired() and Run() will use this preloaded config instead of reading from file.
+func (c *Client) SetConfigFromJSON(jsonStr string) error {
+	cfg, err := profilemanager.ConfigFromJSON(jsonStr)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Errorf("SetConfigFromJSON: failed to parse config JSON: %v", err)
+		return err
+	}
+	c.preloadedConfig = cfg
+	log.Infof("SetConfigFromJSON: config loaded successfully from JSON")
+	return nil
+}
+
 // Run start the internal client. It is a blocker function
 func (c *Client) Run(fd int32, interfaceName string, envList *EnvList) error {
 	exportEnvList(envList)
 	log.Infof("Starting NetBird client")
 	log.Debugf("Tunnel uses interface: %s", interfaceName)
-	cfg, err := profilemanager.UpdateOrCreateConfig(profilemanager.ConfigInput{
-		ConfigPath:    c.cfgFile,
-		StateFilePath: c.stateFile,
-	})
-	if err != nil {
-		return err
+
+	var cfg *profilemanager.Config
+	var err error
+
+	// Use preloaded config if available (tvOS where file writes are blocked)
+	if c.preloadedConfig != nil {
+		log.Infof("Run: using preloaded config from memory")
+		cfg = c.preloadedConfig
+	} else {
+		log.Infof("Run: loading config from file")
+		// Use DirectUpdateOrCreateConfig to avoid atomic file operations (temp file + rename)
+		// which are blocked by the tvOS sandbox in App Group containers
+		cfg, err = profilemanager.DirectUpdateOrCreateConfig(profilemanager.ConfigInput{
+			ConfigPath:    c.cfgFile,
+			StateFilePath: c.stateFile,
+		})
+		if err != nil {
+			return err
+		}
 	}
 	c.recorder.UpdateManagementAddress(cfg.ManagementURL.String())
 	c.recorder.UpdateRosenpass(cfg.RosenpassEnabled, cfg.RosenpassPermissive)
@@ -120,7 +149,7 @@ func (c *Client) Run(fd int32, interfaceName string, envList *EnvList) error {
 	c.ctxCancelLock.Unlock()
 
 	auth := NewAuthWithConfig(ctx, cfg)
-	err = auth.Login()
+	err = auth.LoginSync()
 	if err != nil {
 		return err
 	}
@@ -208,14 +237,45 @@ func (c *Client) IsLoginRequired() bool {
 	defer c.ctxCancelLock.Unlock()
 	ctx, c.ctxCancel = context.WithCancel(ctxWithValues)
 
-	cfg, _ := profilemanager.UpdateOrCreateConfig(profilemanager.ConfigInput{
-		ConfigPath: c.cfgFile,
-	})
+	var cfg *profilemanager.Config
+	var err error
 
-	needsLogin, _ := internal.IsLoginRequired(ctx, cfg)
+	// Use preloaded config if available (tvOS where file writes are blocked)
+	if c.preloadedConfig != nil {
+		log.Infof("IsLoginRequired: using preloaded config from memory")
+		cfg = c.preloadedConfig
+	} else {
+		log.Infof("IsLoginRequired: loading config from file")
+		// Use DirectUpdateOrCreateConfig to avoid atomic file operations (temp file + rename)
+		// which are blocked by the tvOS sandbox in App Group containers
+		cfg, err = profilemanager.DirectUpdateOrCreateConfig(profilemanager.ConfigInput{
+			ConfigPath: c.cfgFile,
+		})
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Errorf("IsLoginRequired: failed to load config: %v", err)
+			// If we can't load config, assume login is required
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+
+	if cfg == nil {
+		log.Errorf("IsLoginRequired: config is nil")
+		return true
+	}
+
+	needsLogin, err := internal.IsLoginRequired(ctx, cfg)
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Errorf("IsLoginRequired: check failed: %v", err)
+		// If the check fails, assume login is required to be safe
+		return true
+	}
+	log.Infof("IsLoginRequired: needsLogin=%v", needsLogin)
 	return needsLogin
 }
 
+// loginForMobileAuthTimeout is the timeout for requesting auth info from the server
+const loginForMobileAuthTimeout = 30 * time.Second
+
 func (c *Client) LoginForMobile() string {
 	var ctx context.Context
 	//nolint
@@ -228,16 +288,26 @@ func (c *Client) LoginForMobile() string {
 	defer c.ctxCancelLock.Unlock()
 	ctx, c.ctxCancel = context.WithCancel(ctxWithValues)
 
-	cfg, _ := profilemanager.UpdateOrCreateConfig(profilemanager.ConfigInput{
+	// Use DirectUpdateOrCreateConfig to avoid atomic file operations (temp file + rename)
+	// which are blocked by the tvOS sandbox in App Group containers
+	cfg, err := profilemanager.DirectUpdateOrCreateConfig(profilemanager.ConfigInput{
 		ConfigPath: c.cfgFile,
 	})
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Errorf("LoginForMobile: failed to load config: %v", err)
+		return fmt.Sprintf("failed to load config: %v", err)
+	}
 
 	oAuthFlow, err := auth.NewOAuthFlow(ctx, cfg, false, false, "")
 	if err != nil {
 		return err.Error()
 	}
 
-	flowInfo, err := oAuthFlow.RequestAuthInfo(context.TODO())
+	// Use a bounded timeout for the auth info request to prevent indefinite hangs
+	authInfoCtx, authInfoCancel := context.WithTimeout(ctx, loginForMobileAuthTimeout)
+	defer authInfoCancel()
+
+	flowInfo, err := oAuthFlow.RequestAuthInfo(authInfoCtx)
 	if err != nil {
 		return err.Error()
 	}
@@ -249,10 +319,14 @@ func (c *Client) LoginForMobile() string {
 		defer cancel()
 		tokenInfo, err := oAuthFlow.WaitToken(waitCTX, flowInfo)
 		if err != nil {
+			log.Errorf("LoginForMobile: WaitToken failed: %v", err)
 			return
 		}
 		jwtToken := tokenInfo.GetTokenToUse()
-		_ = internal.Login(ctx, cfg, "", jwtToken)
+		if err := internal.Login(ctx, cfg, "", jwtToken); err != nil {
+			log.Errorf("LoginForMobile: Login failed: %v", err)
+			return
+		}
 		c.loginComplete = true
 	}()
 

client/ios/NetBirdSDK/login.go

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/cmd"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal"
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/auth"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/internal/profilemanager"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/system"
 )
@@ -33,7 +34,8 @@ type ErrListener interface {
 // URLOpener it is a callback interface. The Open function will be triggered if
 // the backend want to show an url for the user
 type URLOpener interface {
-	Open(string)
+	Open(url string, userCode string)
+	OnLoginSuccess()
 }
 
 // Auth can register or login new client
@@ -72,13 +74,32 @@ func NewAuthWithConfig(ctx context.Context, config *profilemanager.Config) *Auth
 // SaveConfigIfSSOSupported test the connectivity with the management server by retrieving the server device flow info.
 // If it returns a flow info than save the configuration and return true. If it gets a codes.NotFound, it means that SSO
 // is not supported and returns false without saving the configuration. For other errors return false.
-func (a *Auth) SaveConfigIfSSOSupported() (bool, error) {
+func (a *Auth) SaveConfigIfSSOSupported(listener SSOListener) {
+	if listener == nil {
+		log.Errorf("SaveConfigIfSSOSupported: listener is nil")
+		return
+	}
+	go func() {
+		sso, err := a.saveConfigIfSSOSupported()
+		if err != nil {
+			listener.OnError(err)
+		} else {
+			listener.OnSuccess(sso)
+		}
+	}()
+}
+
+func (a *Auth) saveConfigIfSSOSupported() (bool, error) {
 	supportsSSO := true
 	err := a.withBackOff(a.ctx, func() (err error) {
-		_, err = internal.GetDeviceAuthorizationFlowInfo(a.ctx, a.config.PrivateKey, a.config.ManagementURL)
+		_, err = internal.GetPKCEAuthorizationFlowInfo(a.ctx, a.config.PrivateKey, a.config.ManagementURL, nil)
 		if s, ok := gstatus.FromError(err); ok && (s.Code() == codes.NotFound || s.Code() == codes.Unimplemented) {
-			_, err = internal.GetPKCEAuthorizationFlowInfo(a.ctx, a.config.PrivateKey, a.config.ManagementURL, nil)
-			if s, ok := gstatus.FromError(err); ok && (s.Code() == codes.NotFound || s.Code() == codes.Unimplemented) {
+			_, err = internal.GetDeviceAuthorizationFlowInfo(a.ctx, a.config.PrivateKey, a.config.ManagementURL)
+			s, ok := gstatus.FromError(err)
+			if !ok {
+				return err
+			}
+			if s.Code() == codes.NotFound || s.Code() == codes.Unimplemented {
 				supportsSSO = false
 				err = nil
 			}
@@ -97,12 +118,29 @@ func (a *Auth) SaveConfigIfSSOSupported() (bool, error) {
 		return false, fmt.Errorf("backoff cycle failed: %v", err)
 	}
 
-	err = profilemanager.WriteOutConfig(a.cfgPath, a.config)
+	// Use DirectWriteOutConfig to avoid atomic file operations (temp file + rename)
+	// which are blocked by the tvOS sandbox in App Group containers
+	err = profilemanager.DirectWriteOutConfig(a.cfgPath, a.config)
 	return true, err
 }
 
 // LoginWithSetupKeyAndSaveConfig test the connectivity with the management server with the setup key.
-func (a *Auth) LoginWithSetupKeyAndSaveConfig(setupKey string, deviceName string) error {
+func (a *Auth) LoginWithSetupKeyAndSaveConfig(resultListener ErrListener, setupKey string, deviceName string) {
+	if resultListener == nil {
+		log.Errorf("LoginWithSetupKeyAndSaveConfig: resultListener is nil")
+		return
+	}
+	go func() {
+		err := a.loginWithSetupKeyAndSaveConfig(setupKey, deviceName)
+		if err != nil {
+			resultListener.OnError(err)
+		} else {
+			resultListener.OnSuccess()
+		}
+	}()
+}
+
+func (a *Auth) loginWithSetupKeyAndSaveConfig(setupKey string, deviceName string) error {
 	//nolint
 	ctxWithValues := context.WithValue(a.ctx, system.DeviceNameCtxKey, deviceName)
 
@@ -118,10 +156,14 @@ func (a *Auth) LoginWithSetupKeyAndSaveConfig(setupKey string, deviceName string
 		return fmt.Errorf("backoff cycle failed: %v", err)
 	}
 
-	return profilemanager.WriteOutConfig(a.cfgPath, a.config)
+	// Use DirectWriteOutConfig to avoid atomic file operations (temp file + rename)
+	// which are blocked by the tvOS sandbox in App Group containers
+	return profilemanager.DirectWriteOutConfig(a.cfgPath, a.config)
 }
 
-func (a *Auth) Login() error {
+// LoginSync performs a synchronous login check without UI interaction
+// Used for background VPN connection where user should already be authenticated
+func (a *Auth) LoginSync() error {
 	var needsLogin bool
 
 	// check if we need to generate JWT token
@@ -135,23 +177,142 @@ func (a *Auth) Login() error {
 
 	jwtToken := ""
 	if needsLogin {
-		return fmt.Errorf("Not authenticated")
+		return fmt.Errorf("not authenticated")
 	}
 
 	err = a.withBackOff(a.ctx, func() error {
 		err := internal.Login(a.ctx, a.config, "", jwtToken)
-		if s, ok := gstatus.FromError(err); ok && (s.Code() == codes.InvalidArgument || s.Code() == codes.PermissionDenied) {
-			return nil
+		if s, ok := gstatus.FromError(err); ok && (s.Code() == codes.PermissionDenied) {
+			// PermissionDenied means registration is required or peer is blocked
+			return backoff.Permanent(err)
 		}
 		return err
 	})
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("login failed: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Login performs interactive login with device authentication support
+// Deprecated: Use LoginWithDeviceName instead to ensure proper device naming on tvOS
+func (a *Auth) Login(resultListener ErrListener, urlOpener URLOpener, forceDeviceAuth bool) {
+	// Use empty device name - system will use hostname as fallback
+	a.LoginWithDeviceName(resultListener, urlOpener, forceDeviceAuth, "")
+}
+
+// LoginWithDeviceName performs interactive login with device authentication support
+// The deviceName parameter allows specifying a custom device name (required for tvOS)
+func (a *Auth) LoginWithDeviceName(resultListener ErrListener, urlOpener URLOpener, forceDeviceAuth bool, deviceName string) {
+	if resultListener == nil {
+		log.Errorf("LoginWithDeviceName: resultListener is nil")
+		return
+	}
+	if urlOpener == nil {
+		log.Errorf("LoginWithDeviceName: urlOpener is nil")
+		resultListener.OnError(fmt.Errorf("urlOpener is nil"))
+		return
+	}
+	go func() {
+		err := a.login(urlOpener, forceDeviceAuth, deviceName)
+		if err != nil {
+			resultListener.OnError(err)
+		} else {
+			resultListener.OnSuccess()
+		}
+	}()
+}
+
+func (a *Auth) login(urlOpener URLOpener, forceDeviceAuth bool, deviceName string) error {
+	var needsLogin bool
+
+	// Create context with device name if provided
+	ctx := a.ctx
+	if deviceName != "" {
+		//nolint:staticcheck
+		ctx = context.WithValue(a.ctx, system.DeviceNameCtxKey, deviceName)
+	}
+
+	// check if we need to generate JWT token
+	err := a.withBackOff(ctx, func() (err error) {
+		needsLogin, err = internal.IsLoginRequired(ctx, a.config)
+		return
+	})
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("backoff cycle failed: %v", err)
 	}
 
+	jwtToken := ""
+	if needsLogin {
+		tokenInfo, err := a.foregroundGetTokenInfo(urlOpener, forceDeviceAuth)
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("interactive sso login failed: %v", err)
+		}
+		jwtToken = tokenInfo.GetTokenToUse()
+	}
+
+	err = a.withBackOff(ctx, func() error {
+		err := internal.Login(ctx, a.config, "", jwtToken)
+		if s, ok := gstatus.FromError(err); ok && (s.Code() == codes.PermissionDenied) {
+			// PermissionDenied means registration is required or peer is blocked
+			return backoff.Permanent(err)
+		}
+		return err
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("login failed: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	// Save the config before notifying success to ensure persistence completes
+	// before the callback potentially triggers teardown on the Swift side.
+	// Note: This differs from Android which doesn't save config after login.
+	// On iOS/tvOS, we save here because:
+	// 1. The config may have been modified during login (e.g., new tokens)
+	// 2. On tvOS, the Network Extension context may be the only place with
+	//    write permissions to the App Group container
+	if a.cfgPath != "" {
+		if err := profilemanager.DirectWriteOutConfig(a.cfgPath, a.config); err != nil {
+			log.Warnf("failed to save config after login: %v", err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Notify caller of successful login synchronously before returning
+	urlOpener.OnLoginSuccess()
+
 	return nil
 }
 
+const authInfoRequestTimeout = 30 * time.Second
+
+func (a *Auth) foregroundGetTokenInfo(urlOpener URLOpener, forceDeviceAuth bool) (*auth.TokenInfo, error) {
+	oAuthFlow, err := auth.NewOAuthFlow(a.ctx, a.config, false, forceDeviceAuth, "")
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	// Use a bounded timeout for the auth info request to prevent indefinite hangs
+	authInfoCtx, authInfoCancel := context.WithTimeout(a.ctx, authInfoRequestTimeout)
+	defer authInfoCancel()
+
+	flowInfo, err := oAuthFlow.RequestAuthInfo(authInfoCtx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("getting a request OAuth flow info failed: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	urlOpener.Open(flowInfo.VerificationURIComplete, flowInfo.UserCode)
+
+	waitTimeout := time.Duration(flowInfo.ExpiresIn) * time.Second
+	waitCTX, cancel := context.WithTimeout(a.ctx, waitTimeout)
+	defer cancel()
+	tokenInfo, err := oAuthFlow.WaitToken(waitCTX, flowInfo)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("waiting for browser login failed: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	return &tokenInfo, nil
+}
+
 func (a *Auth) withBackOff(ctx context.Context, bf func() error) error {
 	return backoff.RetryNotify(
 		bf,
@@ -160,3 +321,24 @@ func (a *Auth) withBackOff(ctx context.Context, bf func() error) error {
 			log.Warnf("retrying Login to the Management service in %v due to error %v", duration, err)
 		})
 }
+
+// GetConfigJSON returns the current config as a JSON string.
+// This can be used by the caller to persist the config via alternative storage
+// mechanisms (e.g., UserDefaults on tvOS where file writes are blocked).
+func (a *Auth) GetConfigJSON() (string, error) {
+	if a.config == nil {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("no config available")
+	}
+	return profilemanager.ConfigToJSON(a.config)
+}
+
+// SetConfigFromJSON loads config from a JSON string.
+// This can be used to restore config from alternative storage mechanisms.
+func (a *Auth) SetConfigFromJSON(jsonStr string) error {
+	cfg, err := profilemanager.ConfigFromJSON(jsonStr)
+	if err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	a.config = cfg
+	return nil
+}

client/ios/NetBirdSDK/preferences.go

@@ -112,6 +112,8 @@ func (p *Preferences) GetRosenpassPermissive() (bool, error) {
 
 // Commit write out the changes into config file
 func (p *Preferences) Commit() error {
-	_, err := profilemanager.UpdateOrCreateConfig(p.configInput)
+	// Use DirectUpdateOrCreateConfig to avoid atomic file operations (temp file + rename)
+	// which are blocked by the tvOS sandbox in App Group containers
+	_, err := profilemanager.DirectUpdateOrCreateConfig(p.configInput)
 	return err
 }

client/proto/daemon.pb.go

@@ -2013,6 +2013,7 @@ type SSHSessionInfo struct {
 	RemoteAddress string                 `protobuf:"bytes,2,opt,name=remoteAddress,proto3" json:"remoteAddress,omitempty"`
 	Command       string                 `protobuf:"bytes,3,opt,name=command,proto3" json:"command,omitempty"`
 	JwtUsername   string                 `protobuf:"bytes,4,opt,name=jwtUsername,proto3" json:"jwtUsername,omitempty"`
+	PortForwards  []string               `protobuf:"bytes,5,rep,name=portForwards,proto3" json:"portForwards,omitempty"`
 	unknownFields protoimpl.UnknownFields
 	sizeCache     protoimpl.SizeCache
 }
@@ -2075,6 +2076,13 @@ func (x *SSHSessionInfo) GetJwtUsername() string {
 	return ""
 }
 
+func (x *SSHSessionInfo) GetPortForwards() []string {
+	if x != nil {
+		return x.PortForwards
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
 // SSHServerState contains the latest state of the SSH server
 type SSHServerState struct {
 	state         protoimpl.MessageState `protogen:"open.v1"`
@@ -5706,12 +5714,13 @@ const file_daemon_proto_rawDesc = "" +
 	"\aservers\x18\x01 \x03(\tR\aservers\x12\x18\n" +
 	"\adomains\x18\x02 \x03(\tR\adomains\x12\x18\n" +
 	"\aenabled\x18\x03 \x01(\bR\aenabled\x12\x14\n" +
-	"\x05error\x18\x04 \x01(\tR\x05error\"\x8e\x01\n" +
+	"\x05error\x18\x04 \x01(\tR\x05error\"\xb2\x01\n" +
 	"\x0eSSHSessionInfo\x12\x1a\n" +
 	"\busername\x18\x01 \x01(\tR\busername\x12$\n" +
 	"\rremoteAddress\x18\x02 \x01(\tR\rremoteAddress\x12\x18\n" +
 	"\acommand\x18\x03 \x01(\tR\acommand\x12 \n" +
-	"\vjwtUsername\x18\x04 \x01(\tR\vjwtUsername\"^\n" +
+	"\vjwtUsername\x18\x04 \x01(\tR\vjwtUsername\x12\"\n" +
+	"\fportForwards\x18\x05 \x03(\tR\fportForwards\"^\n" +
 	"\x0eSSHServerState\x12\x18\n" +
 	"\aenabled\x18\x01 \x01(\bR\aenabled\x122\n" +
 	"\bsessions\x18\x02 \x03(\v2\x16.daemon.SSHSessionInfoR\bsessions\"\xaf\x04\n" +

client/proto/daemon.proto

@@ -372,6 +372,7 @@ message SSHSessionInfo {
   string remoteAddress = 2;
   string command = 3;
   string jwtUsername = 4;
+  repeated string portForwards = 5;
 }
 
 // SSHServerState contains the latest state of the SSH server

client/server/panic_windows.go

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 //go:build windows
-// +build windows
 
 package server
 

client/server/server.go

@@ -145,10 +145,10 @@ func (s *Server) Start() error {
 	ctx, cancel := context.WithCancel(s.rootCtx)
 	s.actCancel = cancel
 
-	// set the default config if not exists
-	if err := s.setDefaultConfigIfNotExists(ctx); err != nil {
-		log.Errorf("failed to set default config: %v", err)
-		return fmt.Errorf("failed to set default config: %w", err)
+	// copy old default config
+	_, err = s.profileManager.CopyDefaultProfileIfNotExists()
+	if err != nil && !errors.Is(err, profilemanager.ErrorOldDefaultConfigNotFound) {
+		return err
 	}
 
 	activeProf, err := s.profileManager.GetActiveProfileState()
@@ -156,23 +156,11 @@ func (s *Server) Start() error {
 		return fmt.Errorf("failed to get active profile state: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	config, err := s.getConfig(activeProf)
+	config, existingConfig, err := s.getConfig(activeProf)
 	if err != nil {
 		log.Errorf("failed to get active profile config: %v", err)
 
-		if err := s.profileManager.SetActiveProfileState(&profilemanager.ActiveProfileState{
-			Name:     "default",
-			Username: "",
-		}); err != nil {
-			log.Errorf("failed to set active profile state: %v", err)
-			return fmt.Errorf("failed to set active profile state: %w", err)
-		}
-
-		config, err = profilemanager.GetConfig(s.profileManager.DefaultProfilePath())
-		if err != nil {
-			log.Errorf("failed to get default profile config: %v", err)
-			return fmt.Errorf("failed to get default profile config: %w", err)
-		}
+		return err
 	}
 	s.config = config
 
@@ -186,6 +174,13 @@ func (s *Server) Start() error {
 	}
 
 	if config.DisableAutoConnect {
+		state.Set(internal.StatusIdle)
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	if !existingConfig {
+		log.Warnf("not trying to connect when configuration was just created")
+		state.Set(internal.StatusNeedsLogin)
 		return nil
 	}
 
@@ -196,30 +191,6 @@ func (s *Server) Start() error {
 	return nil
 }
 
-func (s *Server) setDefaultConfigIfNotExists(ctx context.Context) error {
-	ok, err := s.profileManager.CopyDefaultProfileIfNotExists()
-	if err != nil {
-		if err := s.profileManager.CreateDefaultProfile(); err != nil {
-			log.Errorf("failed to create default profile: %v", err)
-			return fmt.Errorf("failed to create default profile: %w", err)
-		}
-
-		if err := s.profileManager.SetActiveProfileState(&profilemanager.ActiveProfileState{
-			Name:     "default",
-			Username: "",
-		}); err != nil {
-			log.Errorf("failed to set active profile state: %v", err)
-			return fmt.Errorf("failed to set active profile state: %w", err)
-		}
-	}
-	if ok {
-		state := internal.CtxGetState(ctx)
-		state.Set(internal.StatusNeedsLogin)
-	}
-
-	return nil
-}
-
 // connectWithRetryRuns runs the client connection with a backoff strategy where we retry the operation as additional
 // mechanism to keep the client connected even when the connection is lost.
 // we cancel retry if the client receive a stop or down command, or if disable auto connect is configured.
@@ -487,7 +458,7 @@ func (s *Server) Login(callerCtx context.Context, msg *proto.LoginRequest) (*pro
 
 	s.mutex.Unlock()
 
-	config, err := s.getConfig(activeProf)
+	config, _, err := s.getConfig(activeProf)
 	if err != nil {
 		log.Errorf("failed to get active profile config: %v", err)
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to get active profile config: %w", err)
@@ -716,7 +687,7 @@ func (s *Server) Up(callerCtx context.Context, msg *proto.UpRequest) (*proto.UpR
 
 	log.Infof("active profile: %s for %s", activeProf.Name, activeProf.Username)
 
-	config, err := s.getConfig(activeProf)
+	config, _, err := s.getConfig(activeProf)
 	if err != nil {
 		log.Errorf("failed to get active profile config: %v", err)
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to get active profile config: %w", err)
@@ -811,7 +782,7 @@ func (s *Server) SwitchProfile(callerCtx context.Context, msg *proto.SwitchProfi
 		log.Errorf("failed to get active profile state: %v", err)
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to get active profile state: %w", err)
 	}
-	config, err := s.getConfig(activeProf)
+	config, _, err := s.getConfig(activeProf)
 	if err != nil {
 		log.Errorf("failed to get default profile config: %v", err)
 		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to get default profile config: %w", err)
@@ -908,7 +879,7 @@ func (s *Server) handleActiveProfileLogout(ctx context.Context) (*proto.LogoutRe
 			return nil, gstatus.Errorf(codes.FailedPrecondition, "failed to get active profile state: %v", err)
 		}
 
-		config, err := s.getConfig(activeProf)
+		config, _, err := s.getConfig(activeProf)
 		if err != nil {
 			return nil, gstatus.Errorf(codes.FailedPrecondition, "not logged in")
 		}
@@ -932,19 +903,24 @@ func (s *Server) handleActiveProfileLogout(ctx context.Context) (*proto.LogoutRe
 	return &proto.LogoutResponse{}, nil
 }
 
-// getConfig loads the config from the active profile
-func (s *Server) getConfig(activeProf *profilemanager.ActiveProfileState) (*profilemanager.Config, error) {
+// GetConfig reads config file and returns Config and whether the config file already existed. Errors out if it does not exist
+func (s *Server) getConfig(activeProf *profilemanager.ActiveProfileState) (*profilemanager.Config, bool, error) {
 	cfgPath, err := activeProf.FilePath()
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to get active profile file path: %w", err)
+		return nil, false, fmt.Errorf("failed to get active profile file path: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	config, err := profilemanager.GetConfig(cfgPath)
+	_, err = os.Stat(cfgPath)
+	configExisted := !os.IsNotExist(err)
+
+	log.Infof("active profile config existed: %t, err %v", configExisted, err)
+
+	config, err := profilemanager.ReadConfig(cfgPath)
 	if err != nil {
-		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to get config: %w", err)
+		return nil, false, fmt.Errorf("failed to get config: %w", err)
 	}
 
-	return config, nil
+	return config, configExisted, nil
 }
 
 func (s *Server) canRemoveProfile(profileName string) error {
@@ -1128,6 +1104,7 @@ func (s *Server) getSSHServerState() *proto.SSHServerState {
 			RemoteAddress: session.RemoteAddress,
 			Command:       session.Command,
 			JwtUsername:   session.JWTUsername,
+			PortForwards:  session.PortForwards,
 		})
 	}
 

client/server/server_test.go

@@ -326,7 +326,7 @@ func startManagement(t *testing.T, signalAddr string, counter *int) (*grpc.Serve
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, "", err
 	}
-	mgmtServer, err := nbgrpc.NewServer(config, accountManager, settingsMockManager, secretsManager, nil, nil, &server.MockIntegratedValidator{}, networkMapController)
+	mgmtServer, err := nbgrpc.NewServer(config, accountManager, settingsMockManager, secretsManager, nil, nil, &server.MockIntegratedValidator{}, networkMapController, nil)
 	if err != nil {
 		return nil, "", err
 	}

client/ssh/auth/auth.go

@@ -0,0 +1,177 @@
+package auth
+
+import (
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"sync"
+
+	log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
+
+	sshuserhash "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/shared/sshauth"
+)
+
+const (
+	// DefaultUserIDClaim is the default JWT claim used to extract user IDs
+	DefaultUserIDClaim = "sub"
+	// Wildcard is a special user ID that matches all users
+	Wildcard = "*"
+)
+
+var (
+	ErrEmptyUserID           = errors.New("JWT user ID is empty")
+	ErrUserNotAuthorized     = errors.New("user is not authorized to access this peer")
+	ErrNoMachineUserMapping  = errors.New("no authorization mapping for OS user")
+	ErrUserNotMappedToOSUser = errors.New("user is not authorized to login as OS user")
+)
+
+// Authorizer handles SSH fine-grained access control authorization
+type Authorizer struct {
+	// UserIDClaim is the JWT claim to extract the user ID from
+	userIDClaim string
+
+	// authorizedUsers is a list of hashed user IDs authorized to access this peer
+	authorizedUsers []sshuserhash.UserIDHash
+
+	// machineUsers maps OS login usernames to lists of authorized user indexes
+	machineUsers map[string][]uint32
+
+	// mu protects the list of users
+	mu sync.RWMutex
+}
+
+// Config contains configuration for the SSH authorizer
+type Config struct {
+	// UserIDClaim is the JWT claim to extract the user ID from (e.g., "sub", "email")
+	UserIDClaim string
+
+	// AuthorizedUsers is a list of hashed user IDs (FNV-1a 64-bit) authorized to access this peer
+	AuthorizedUsers []sshuserhash.UserIDHash
+
+	// MachineUsers maps OS login usernames to indexes in AuthorizedUsers
+	// If a user wants to login as a specific OS user, their index must be in the corresponding list
+	MachineUsers map[string][]uint32
+}
+
+// NewAuthorizer creates a new SSH authorizer with empty configuration
+func NewAuthorizer() *Authorizer {
+	a := &Authorizer{
+		userIDClaim:  DefaultUserIDClaim,
+		machineUsers: make(map[string][]uint32),
+	}
+
+	return a
+}
+
+// Update updates the authorizer configuration with new values
+func (a *Authorizer) Update(config *Config) {
+	a.mu.Lock()
+	defer a.mu.Unlock()
+
+	if config == nil {
+		// Clear authorization
+		a.userIDClaim = DefaultUserIDClaim
+		a.authorizedUsers = []sshuserhash.UserIDHash{}
+		a.machineUsers = make(map[string][]uint32)
+		log.Info("SSH authorization cleared")
+		return
+	}
+
+	userIDClaim := config.UserIDClaim
+	if userIDClaim == "" {
+		userIDClaim = DefaultUserIDClaim
+	}
+	a.userIDClaim = userIDClaim
+
+	// Store authorized users list
+	a.authorizedUsers = config.AuthorizedUsers
+
+	// Store machine users mapping
+	machineUsers := make(map[string][]uint32)
+	for osUser, indexes := range config.MachineUsers {
+		if len(indexes) > 0 {
+			machineUsers[osUser] = indexes
+		}
+	}
+	a.machineUsers = machineUsers
+
+	log.Debugf("SSH auth: updated with %d authorized users, %d machine user mappings",
+		len(config.AuthorizedUsers), len(machineUsers))
+}
+
+// Authorize validates if a user is authorized to login as the specified OS user.
+// Returns a success message describing how authorization was granted, or an error.
+func (a *Authorizer) Authorize(jwtUserID, osUsername string) (string, error) {
+	if jwtUserID == "" {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("JWT user ID is empty for OS user %q: %w", osUsername, ErrEmptyUserID)
+	}
+
+	// Hash the JWT user ID for comparison
+	hashedUserID, err := sshuserhash.HashUserID(jwtUserID)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("hash user ID %q for OS user %q: %w", jwtUserID, osUsername, err)
+	}
+
+	a.mu.RLock()
+	defer a.mu.RUnlock()
+
+	// Find the index of this user in the authorized list
+	userIndex, found := a.findUserIndex(hashedUserID)
+	if !found {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("user %q (hash: %s) not in authorized list for OS user %q: %w", jwtUserID, hashedUserID, osUsername, ErrUserNotAuthorized)
+	}
+
+	return a.checkMachineUserMapping(jwtUserID, osUsername, userIndex)
+}
+
+// checkMachineUserMapping validates if a user's index is authorized for the specified OS user
+// Checks wildcard mapping first, then specific OS user mappings
+func (a *Authorizer) checkMachineUserMapping(jwtUserID, osUsername string, userIndex int) (string, error) {
+	// If wildcard exists and user's index is in the wildcard list, allow access to any OS user
+	if wildcardIndexes, hasWildcard := a.machineUsers[Wildcard]; hasWildcard {
+		if a.isIndexInList(uint32(userIndex), wildcardIndexes) {
+			return fmt.Sprintf("granted via wildcard (index: %d)", userIndex), nil
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Check for specific OS username mapping
+	allowedIndexes, hasMachineUserMapping := a.machineUsers[osUsername]
+	if !hasMachineUserMapping {
+		// No mapping for this OS user - deny by default (fail closed)
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("no machine user mapping for OS user %q (JWT user: %s): %w", osUsername, jwtUserID, ErrNoMachineUserMapping)
+	}
+
+	// Check if user's index is in the allowed indexes for this specific OS user
+	if !a.isIndexInList(uint32(userIndex), allowedIndexes) {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("user %q not mapped to OS user %q (index: %d): %w", jwtUserID, osUsername, userIndex, ErrUserNotMappedToOSUser)
+	}
+
+	return fmt.Sprintf("granted (index: %d)", userIndex), nil
+}
+
+// GetUserIDClaim returns the JWT claim name used to extract user IDs
+func (a *Authorizer) GetUserIDClaim() string {
+	a.mu.RLock()
+	defer a.mu.RUnlock()
+	return a.userIDClaim
+}
+
+// findUserIndex finds the index of a hashed user ID in the authorized users list
+// Returns the index and true if found, 0 and false if not found
+func (a *Authorizer) findUserIndex(hashedUserID sshuserhash.UserIDHash) (int, bool) {
+	for i, id := range a.authorizedUsers {
+		if id == hashedUserID {
+			return i, true
+		}
+	}
+	return 0, false
+}
+
+// isIndexInList checks if an index exists in a list of indexes
+func (a *Authorizer) isIndexInList(index uint32, indexes []uint32) bool {
+	for _, idx := range indexes {
+		if idx == index {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}

client/ssh/auth/auth_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,612 @@
+package auth
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/shared/sshauth"
+)
+
+func TestAuthorizer_Authorize_UserNotInList(t *testing.T) {
+	authorizer := NewAuthorizer()
+
+	// Set up authorized users list with one user
+	authorizedUserHash, err := sshauth.HashUserID("authorized-user")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	config := &Config{
+		UserIDClaim:     DefaultUserIDClaim,
+		AuthorizedUsers: []sshauth.UserIDHash{authorizedUserHash},
+		MachineUsers:    map[string][]uint32{},
+	}
+	authorizer.Update(config)
+
+	// Try to authorize a different user
+	_, err = authorizer.Authorize("unauthorized-user", "root")
+	assert.Error(t, err)
+	assert.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrUserNotAuthorized)
+}
+
+func TestAuthorizer_Authorize_UserInList_NoMachineUserRestrictions(t *testing.T) {
+	authorizer := NewAuthorizer()
+
+	user1Hash, err := sshauth.HashUserID("user1")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	user2Hash, err := sshauth.HashUserID("user2")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	config := &Config{
+		UserIDClaim:     DefaultUserIDClaim,
+		AuthorizedUsers: []sshauth.UserIDHash{user1Hash, user2Hash},
+		MachineUsers:    map[string][]uint32{}, // Empty = deny all (fail closed)
+	}
+	authorizer.Update(config)
+
+	// All attempts should fail when no machine user mappings exist (fail closed)
+	_, err = authorizer.Authorize("user1", "root")
+	assert.Error(t, err)
+	assert.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrNoMachineUserMapping)
+
+	_, err = authorizer.Authorize("user2", "admin")
+	assert.Error(t, err)
+	assert.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrNoMachineUserMapping)
+
+	_, err = authorizer.Authorize("user1", "postgres")
+	assert.Error(t, err)
+	assert.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrNoMachineUserMapping)
+}
+
+func TestAuthorizer_Authorize_UserInList_WithMachineUserMapping_Allowed(t *testing.T) {
+	authorizer := NewAuthorizer()
+
+	user1Hash, err := sshauth.HashUserID("user1")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	user2Hash, err := sshauth.HashUserID("user2")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	user3Hash, err := sshauth.HashUserID("user3")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	config := &Config{
+		UserIDClaim:     DefaultUserIDClaim,
+		AuthorizedUsers: []sshauth.UserIDHash{user1Hash, user2Hash, user3Hash},
+		MachineUsers: map[string][]uint32{
+			"root":     {0, 1}, // user1 and user2 can access root
+			"postgres": {1, 2}, // user2 and user3 can access postgres
+			"admin":    {0},    // only user1 can access admin
+		},
+	}
+	authorizer.Update(config)
+
+	// user1 (index 0) should access root and admin
+	_, err = authorizer.Authorize("user1", "root")
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+
+	_, err = authorizer.Authorize("user1", "admin")
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// user2 (index 1) should access root and postgres
+	_, err = authorizer.Authorize("user2", "root")
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+
+	_, err = authorizer.Authorize("user2", "postgres")
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// user3 (index 2) should access postgres
+	_, err = authorizer.Authorize("user3", "postgres")
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+}
+
+func TestAuthorizer_Authorize_UserInList_WithMachineUserMapping_Denied(t *testing.T) {
+	authorizer := NewAuthorizer()
+
+	// Set up authorized users list
+	user1Hash, err := sshauth.HashUserID("user1")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	user2Hash, err := sshauth.HashUserID("user2")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	user3Hash, err := sshauth.HashUserID("user3")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	config := &Config{
+		UserIDClaim:     DefaultUserIDClaim,
+		AuthorizedUsers: []sshauth.UserIDHash{user1Hash, user2Hash, user3Hash},
+		MachineUsers: map[string][]uint32{
+			"root":     {0, 1}, // user1 and user2 can access root
+			"postgres": {1, 2}, // user2 and user3 can access postgres
+			"admin":    {0},    // only user1 can access admin
+		},
+	}
+	authorizer.Update(config)
+
+	// user1 (index 0) should NOT access postgres
+	_, err = authorizer.Authorize("user1", "postgres")
+	assert.Error(t, err)
+	assert.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrUserNotMappedToOSUser)
+
+	// user2 (index 1) should NOT access admin
+	_, err = authorizer.Authorize("user2", "admin")
+	assert.Error(t, err)
+	assert.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrUserNotMappedToOSUser)
+
+	// user3 (index 2) should NOT access root
+	_, err = authorizer.Authorize("user3", "root")
+	assert.Error(t, err)
+	assert.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrUserNotMappedToOSUser)
+
+	// user3 (index 2) should NOT access admin
+	_, err = authorizer.Authorize("user3", "admin")
+	assert.Error(t, err)
+	assert.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrUserNotMappedToOSUser)
+}
+
+func TestAuthorizer_Authorize_UserInList_OSUserNotInMapping(t *testing.T) {
+	authorizer := NewAuthorizer()
+
+	// Set up authorized users list
+	user1Hash, err := sshauth.HashUserID("user1")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	config := &Config{
+		UserIDClaim:     DefaultUserIDClaim,
+		AuthorizedUsers: []sshauth.UserIDHash{user1Hash},
+		MachineUsers: map[string][]uint32{
+			"root": {0}, // only root is mapped
+		},
+	}
+	authorizer.Update(config)
+
+	// user1 should NOT access an unmapped OS user (fail closed)
+	_, err = authorizer.Authorize("user1", "postgres")
+	assert.Error(t, err)
+	assert.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrNoMachineUserMapping)
+}
+
+func TestAuthorizer_Authorize_EmptyJWTUserID(t *testing.T) {
+	authorizer := NewAuthorizer()
+
+	// Set up authorized users list
+	user1Hash, err := sshauth.HashUserID("user1")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	config := &Config{
+		UserIDClaim:     DefaultUserIDClaim,
+		AuthorizedUsers: []sshauth.UserIDHash{user1Hash},
+		MachineUsers:    map[string][]uint32{},
+	}
+	authorizer.Update(config)
+
+	// Empty user ID should fail
+	_, err = authorizer.Authorize("", "root")
+	assert.Error(t, err)
+	assert.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrEmptyUserID)
+}
+
+func TestAuthorizer_Authorize_MultipleUsersInList(t *testing.T) {
+	authorizer := NewAuthorizer()
+
+	// Set up multiple authorized users
+	userHashes := make([]sshauth.UserIDHash, 10)
+	for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
+		hash, err := sshauth.HashUserID("user" + string(rune('0'+i)))
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		userHashes[i] = hash
+	}
+
+	// Create machine user mapping for all users
+	rootIndexes := make([]uint32, 10)
+	for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
+		rootIndexes[i] = uint32(i)
+	}
+
+	config := &Config{
+		UserIDClaim:     DefaultUserIDClaim,
+		AuthorizedUsers: userHashes,
+		MachineUsers: map[string][]uint32{
+			"root": rootIndexes,
+		},
+	}
+	authorizer.Update(config)
+
+	// All users should be authorized for root
+	for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
+		_, err := authorizer.Authorize("user"+string(rune('0'+i)), "root")
+		assert.NoError(t, err, "user%d should be authorized", i)
+	}
+
+	// User not in list should fail
+	_, err := authorizer.Authorize("unknown-user", "root")
+	assert.Error(t, err)
+	assert.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrUserNotAuthorized)
+}
+
+func TestAuthorizer_Update_ClearsConfiguration(t *testing.T) {
+	authorizer := NewAuthorizer()
+
+	// Set up initial configuration
+	user1Hash, err := sshauth.HashUserID("user1")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	config := &Config{
+		UserIDClaim:     DefaultUserIDClaim,
+		AuthorizedUsers: []sshauth.UserIDHash{user1Hash},
+		MachineUsers:    map[string][]uint32{"root": {0}},
+	}
+	authorizer.Update(config)
+
+	// user1 should be authorized
+	_, err = authorizer.Authorize("user1", "root")
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// Clear configuration
+	authorizer.Update(nil)
+
+	// user1 should no longer be authorized
+	_, err = authorizer.Authorize("user1", "root")
+	assert.Error(t, err)
+	assert.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrUserNotAuthorized)
+}
+
+func TestAuthorizer_Update_EmptyMachineUsersListEntries(t *testing.T) {
+	authorizer := NewAuthorizer()
+
+	user1Hash, err := sshauth.HashUserID("user1")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// Machine users with empty index lists should be filtered out
+	config := &Config{
+		UserIDClaim:     DefaultUserIDClaim,
+		AuthorizedUsers: []sshauth.UserIDHash{user1Hash},
+		MachineUsers: map[string][]uint32{
+			"root":     {0},
+			"postgres": {},  // empty list - should be filtered out
+			"admin":    nil, // nil list - should be filtered out
+		},
+	}
+	authorizer.Update(config)
+
+	// root should work
+	_, err = authorizer.Authorize("user1", "root")
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// postgres should fail (no mapping)
+	_, err = authorizer.Authorize("user1", "postgres")
+	assert.Error(t, err)
+	assert.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrNoMachineUserMapping)
+
+	// admin should fail (no mapping)
+	_, err = authorizer.Authorize("user1", "admin")
+	assert.Error(t, err)
+	assert.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrNoMachineUserMapping)
+}
+
+func TestAuthorizer_CustomUserIDClaim(t *testing.T) {
+	authorizer := NewAuthorizer()
+
+	// Set up with custom user ID claim
+	user1Hash, err := sshauth.HashUserID("user@example.com")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	config := &Config{
+		UserIDClaim:     "email",
+		AuthorizedUsers: []sshauth.UserIDHash{user1Hash},
+		MachineUsers: map[string][]uint32{
+			"root": {0},
+		},
+	}
+	authorizer.Update(config)
+
+	// Verify the custom claim is set
+	assert.Equal(t, "email", authorizer.GetUserIDClaim())
+
+	// Authorize with email as user ID
+	_, err = authorizer.Authorize("user@example.com", "root")
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+}
+
+func TestAuthorizer_DefaultUserIDClaim(t *testing.T) {
+	authorizer := NewAuthorizer()
+
+	// Verify default claim
+	assert.Equal(t, DefaultUserIDClaim, authorizer.GetUserIDClaim())
+	assert.Equal(t, "sub", authorizer.GetUserIDClaim())
+
+	// Set up with empty user ID claim (should use default)
+	user1Hash, err := sshauth.HashUserID("user1")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	config := &Config{
+		UserIDClaim:     "", // empty - should use default
+		AuthorizedUsers: []sshauth.UserIDHash{user1Hash},
+		MachineUsers:    map[string][]uint32{},
+	}
+	authorizer.Update(config)
+
+	// Should fall back to default
+	assert.Equal(t, DefaultUserIDClaim, authorizer.GetUserIDClaim())
+}
+
+func TestAuthorizer_MachineUserMapping_LargeIndexes(t *testing.T) {
+	authorizer := NewAuthorizer()
+
+	// Create a large authorized users list
+	const numUsers = 1000
+	userHashes := make([]sshauth.UserIDHash, numUsers)
+	for i := 0; i < numUsers; i++ {
+		hash, err := sshauth.HashUserID("user" + string(rune(i)))
+		require.NoError(t, err)
+		userHashes[i] = hash
+	}
+
+	config := &Config{
+		UserIDClaim:     DefaultUserIDClaim,
+		AuthorizedUsers: userHashes,
+		MachineUsers: map[string][]uint32{
+			"root": {0, 500, 999}, // first, middle, and last user
+		},
+	}
+	authorizer.Update(config)
+
+	// First user should have access
+	_, err := authorizer.Authorize("user"+string(rune(0)), "root")
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// Middle user should have access
+	_, err = authorizer.Authorize("user"+string(rune(500)), "root")
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// Last user should have access
+	_, err = authorizer.Authorize("user"+string(rune(999)), "root")
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// User not in mapping should NOT have access
+	_, err = authorizer.Authorize("user"+string(rune(100)), "root")
+	assert.Error(t, err)
+}
+
+func TestAuthorizer_ConcurrentAuthorization(t *testing.T) {
+	authorizer := NewAuthorizer()
+
+	// Set up authorized users
+	user1Hash, err := sshauth.HashUserID("user1")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	user2Hash, err := sshauth.HashUserID("user2")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	config := &Config{
+		UserIDClaim:     DefaultUserIDClaim,
+		AuthorizedUsers: []sshauth.UserIDHash{user1Hash, user2Hash},
+		MachineUsers: map[string][]uint32{
+			"root": {0, 1},
+		},
+	}
+	authorizer.Update(config)
+
+	// Test concurrent authorization calls (should be safe to read concurrently)
+	const numGoroutines = 100
+	errChan := make(chan error, numGoroutines)
+
+	for i := 0; i < numGoroutines; i++ {
+		go func(idx int) {
+			user := "user1"
+			if idx%2 == 0 {
+				user = "user2"
+			}
+			_, err := authorizer.Authorize(user, "root")
+			errChan <- err
+		}(i)
+	}
+
+	// Wait for all goroutines to complete and collect errors
+	for i := 0; i < numGoroutines; i++ {
+		err := <-errChan
+		assert.NoError(t, err)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestAuthorizer_Wildcard_AllowsAllAuthorizedUsers(t *testing.T) {
+	authorizer := NewAuthorizer()
+
+	user1Hash, err := sshauth.HashUserID("user1")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	user2Hash, err := sshauth.HashUserID("user2")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	user3Hash, err := sshauth.HashUserID("user3")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// Configure with wildcard - all authorized users can access any OS user
+	config := &Config{
+		UserIDClaim:     DefaultUserIDClaim,
+		AuthorizedUsers: []sshauth.UserIDHash{user1Hash, user2Hash, user3Hash},
+		MachineUsers: map[string][]uint32{
+			"*": {0, 1, 2}, // wildcard with all user indexes
+		},
+	}
+	authorizer.Update(config)
+
+	// All authorized users should be able to access any OS user
+	_, err = authorizer.Authorize("user1", "root")
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+
+	_, err = authorizer.Authorize("user2", "postgres")
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+
+	_, err = authorizer.Authorize("user3", "admin")
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+
+	_, err = authorizer.Authorize("user1", "ubuntu")
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+
+	_, err = authorizer.Authorize("user2", "nginx")
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+
+	_, err = authorizer.Authorize("user3", "docker")
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+}
+
+func TestAuthorizer_Wildcard_UnauthorizedUserStillDenied(t *testing.T) {
+	authorizer := NewAuthorizer()
+
+	user1Hash, err := sshauth.HashUserID("user1")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// Configure with wildcard
+	config := &Config{
+		UserIDClaim:     DefaultUserIDClaim,
+		AuthorizedUsers: []sshauth.UserIDHash{user1Hash},
+		MachineUsers: map[string][]uint32{
+			"*": {0},
+		},
+	}
+	authorizer.Update(config)
+
+	// user1 should have access
+	_, err = authorizer.Authorize("user1", "root")
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// Unauthorized user should still be denied even with wildcard
+	_, err = authorizer.Authorize("unauthorized-user", "root")
+	assert.Error(t, err)
+	assert.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrUserNotAuthorized)
+}
+
+func TestAuthorizer_Wildcard_TakesPrecedenceOverSpecificMappings(t *testing.T) {
+	authorizer := NewAuthorizer()
+
+	user1Hash, err := sshauth.HashUserID("user1")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	user2Hash, err := sshauth.HashUserID("user2")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// Configure with both wildcard and specific mappings
+	// Wildcard takes precedence for users in the wildcard index list
+	config := &Config{
+		UserIDClaim:     DefaultUserIDClaim,
+		AuthorizedUsers: []sshauth.UserIDHash{user1Hash, user2Hash},
+		MachineUsers: map[string][]uint32{
+			"*":    {0, 1}, // wildcard for both users
+			"root": {0},    // specific mapping that would normally restrict to user1 only
+		},
+	}
+	authorizer.Update(config)
+
+	// Both users should be able to access root via wildcard (takes precedence over specific mapping)
+	_, err = authorizer.Authorize("user1", "root")
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+
+	_, err = authorizer.Authorize("user2", "root")
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// Both users should be able to access any other OS user via wildcard
+	_, err = authorizer.Authorize("user1", "postgres")
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+
+	_, err = authorizer.Authorize("user2", "admin")
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+}
+
+func TestAuthorizer_NoWildcard_SpecificMappingsOnly(t *testing.T) {
+	authorizer := NewAuthorizer()
+
+	user1Hash, err := sshauth.HashUserID("user1")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	user2Hash, err := sshauth.HashUserID("user2")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// Configure WITHOUT wildcard - only specific mappings
+	config := &Config{
+		UserIDClaim:     DefaultUserIDClaim,
+		AuthorizedUsers: []sshauth.UserIDHash{user1Hash, user2Hash},
+		MachineUsers: map[string][]uint32{
+			"root":     {0}, // only user1
+			"postgres": {1}, // only user2
+		},
+	}
+	authorizer.Update(config)
+
+	// user1 can access root
+	_, err = authorizer.Authorize("user1", "root")
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// user2 can access postgres
+	_, err = authorizer.Authorize("user2", "postgres")
+	assert.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// user1 cannot access postgres
+	_, err = authorizer.Authorize("user1", "postgres")
+	assert.Error(t, err)
+	assert.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrUserNotMappedToOSUser)
+
+	// user2 cannot access root
+	_, err = authorizer.Authorize("user2", "root")
+	assert.Error(t, err)
+	assert.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrUserNotMappedToOSUser)
+
+	// Neither can access unmapped OS users
+	_, err = authorizer.Authorize("user1", "admin")
+	assert.Error(t, err)
+	assert.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrNoMachineUserMapping)
+
+	_, err = authorizer.Authorize("user2", "admin")
+	assert.Error(t, err)
+	assert.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrNoMachineUserMapping)
+}
+
+func TestAuthorizer_Wildcard_WithPartialIndexes_AllowsAllUsers(t *testing.T) {
+	// This test covers the scenario where wildcard exists with limited indexes.
+	// Only users whose indexes are in the wildcard list can access any OS user via wildcard.
+	// Other users can only access OS users they are explicitly mapped to.
+	authorizer := NewAuthorizer()
+
+	// Create two authorized user hashes (simulating the base64-encoded hashes in the config)
+	wasmHash, err := sshauth.HashUserID("wasm")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	user2Hash, err := sshauth.HashUserID("user2")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// Configure with wildcard having only index 0, and specific mappings for other OS users
+	config := &Config{
+		UserIDClaim:     "sub",
+		AuthorizedUsers: []sshauth.UserIDHash{wasmHash, user2Hash},
+		MachineUsers: map[string][]uint32{
+			"*":     {0}, // wildcard with only index 0 - only wasm has wildcard access
+			"alice": {1}, // specific mapping for user2
+			"bob":   {1}, // specific mapping for user2
+		},
+	}
+	authorizer.Update(config)
+
+	// wasm (index 0) should access any OS user via wildcard
+	_, err = authorizer.Authorize("wasm", "root")
+	assert.NoError(t, err, "wasm should access root via wildcard")
+
+	_, err = authorizer.Authorize("wasm", "alice")
+	assert.NoError(t, err, "wasm should access alice via wildcard")
+
+	_, err = authorizer.Authorize("wasm", "bob")
+	assert.NoError(t, err, "wasm should access bob via wildcard")
+
+	_, err = authorizer.Authorize("wasm", "postgres")
+	assert.NoError(t, err, "wasm should access postgres via wildcard")
+
+	// user2 (index 1) should only access alice and bob (explicitly mapped), NOT root or postgres
+	_, err = authorizer.Authorize("user2", "alice")
+	assert.NoError(t, err, "user2 should access alice via explicit mapping")
+
+	_, err = authorizer.Authorize("user2", "bob")
+	assert.NoError(t, err, "user2 should access bob via explicit mapping")
+
+	_, err = authorizer.Authorize("user2", "root")
+	assert.Error(t, err, "user2 should NOT access root (not in wildcard indexes)")
+	assert.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrNoMachineUserMapping)
+
+	_, err = authorizer.Authorize("user2", "postgres")
+	assert.Error(t, err, "user2 should NOT access postgres (not explicitly mapped)")
+	assert.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrNoMachineUserMapping)
+
+	// Unauthorized user should still be denied
+	_, err = authorizer.Authorize("user3", "root")
+	assert.Error(t, err)
+	assert.ErrorIs(t, err, ErrUserNotAuthorized, "unauthorized user should be denied")
+}

client/ssh/client/client.go

@@ -4,7 +4,6 @@ import (
 	"context"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
-	"io"
 	"net"
 	"os"
 	"path/filepath"
@@ -551,14 +550,15 @@ func (c *Client) LocalPortForward(ctx context.Context, localAddr, remoteAddr str
 func (c *Client) handleLocalForward(localConn net.Conn, remoteAddr string) {
 	defer func() {
 		if err := localConn.Close(); err != nil {
-			log.Debugf("local connection close error: %v", err)
+			log.Debugf("local port forwarding: close local connection: %v", err)
 		}
 	}()
 
 	channel, err := c.client.Dial("tcp", remoteAddr)
 	if err != nil {
-		if strings.Contains(err.Error(), "administratively prohibited") {
-			_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "channel open failed: administratively prohibited: port forwarding is disabled\n")
+		var openErr *ssh.OpenChannelError
+		if errors.As(err, &openErr) && openErr.Reason == ssh.Prohibited {
+			_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(os.Stderr, "channel open failed: port forwarding is disabled\n")
 		} else {
 			log.Debugf("local port forwarding to %s failed: %v", remoteAddr, err)
 		}
@@ -566,19 +566,11 @@ func (c *Client) handleLocalForward(localConn net.Conn, remoteAddr string) {
 	}
 	defer func() {
 		if err := channel.Close(); err != nil {
-			log.Debugf("remote channel close error: %v", err)
+			log.Debugf("local port forwarding: close remote channel: %v", err)
 		}
 	}()
 
-	go func() {
-		if _, err := io.Copy(channel, localConn); err != nil {
-			log.Debugf("local forward copy error (local->remote): %v", err)
-		}
-	}()
-
-	if _, err := io.Copy(localConn, channel); err != nil {
-		log.Debugf("local forward copy error (remote->local): %v", err)
-	}
+	nbssh.BidirectionalCopy(log.NewEntry(log.StandardLogger()), localConn, channel)
 }
 
 // RemotePortForward sets up remote port forwarding, binding on remote and forwarding to localAddr
@@ -633,7 +625,7 @@ func (c *Client) sendTCPIPForwardRequest(req tcpipForwardMsg) error {
 		return fmt.Errorf("send tcpip-forward request: %w", err)
 	}
 	if !ok {
-		return fmt.Errorf("remote port forwarding denied by server (check if --allow-ssh-remote-port-forwarding is enabled)")
+		return fmt.Errorf("remote port forwarding denied by server")
 	}
 	return nil
 }
@@ -676,7 +668,7 @@ func (c *Client) handleRemoteForwardChannel(newChan ssh.NewChannel, localAddr st
 	}
 	defer func() {
 		if err := channel.Close(); err != nil {
-			log.Debugf("remote channel close error: %v", err)
+			log.Debugf("remote port forwarding: close remote channel: %v", err)
 		}
 	}()
 
@@ -688,19 +680,11 @@ func (c *Client) handleRemoteForwardChannel(newChan ssh.NewChannel, localAddr st
 	}
 	defer func() {
 		if err := localConn.Close(); err != nil {
-			log.Debugf("local connection close error: %v", err)
+			log.Debugf("remote port forwarding: close local connection: %v", err)
 		}
 	}()
 
-	go func() {
-		if _, err := io.Copy(localConn, channel); err != nil {
-			log.Debugf("remote forward copy error (remote->local): %v", err)
-		}
-	}()
-
-	if _, err := io.Copy(channel, localConn); err != nil {
-		log.Debugf("remote forward copy error (local->remote): %v", err)
-	}
+	nbssh.BidirectionalCopy(log.NewEntry(log.StandardLogger()), localConn, channel)
 }
 
 // tcpipForwardMsg represents the structure for tcpip-forward requests

client/ssh/common.go

@@ -193,3 +193,64 @@ func buildAddressList(hostname string, remote net.Addr) []string {
 	}
 	return addresses
 }
+
+// BidirectionalCopy copies data bidirectionally between two io.ReadWriter connections.
+// It waits for both directions to complete before returning.
+// The caller is responsible for closing the connections.
+func BidirectionalCopy(logger *log.Entry, rw1, rw2 io.ReadWriter) {
+	done := make(chan struct{}, 2)
+
+	go func() {
+		if _, err := io.Copy(rw2, rw1); err != nil && !isExpectedCopyError(err) {
+			logger.Debugf("copy error (1->2): %v", err)
+		}
+		done <- struct{}{}
+	}()
+
+	go func() {
+		if _, err := io.Copy(rw1, rw2); err != nil && !isExpectedCopyError(err) {
+			logger.Debugf("copy error (2->1): %v", err)
+		}
+		done <- struct{}{}
+	}()
+
+	<-done
+	<-done
+}
+
+func isExpectedCopyError(err error) bool {
+	return errors.Is(err, io.EOF) || errors.Is(err, context.Canceled)
+}
+
+// BidirectionalCopyWithContext copies data bidirectionally between two io.ReadWriteCloser connections.
+// It waits for both directions to complete or for context cancellation before returning.
+// Both connections are closed when the function returns.
+func BidirectionalCopyWithContext(logger *log.Entry, ctx context.Context, conn1, conn2 io.ReadWriteCloser) {
+	done := make(chan struct{}, 2)
+
+	go func() {
+		if _, err := io.Copy(conn2, conn1); err != nil && !isExpectedCopyError(err) {
+			logger.Debugf("copy error (1->2): %v", err)
+		}
+		done <- struct{}{}
+	}()
+
+	go func() {
+		if _, err := io.Copy(conn1, conn2); err != nil && !isExpectedCopyError(err) {
+			logger.Debugf("copy error (2->1): %v", err)
+		}
+		done <- struct{}{}
+	}()
+
+	select {
+	case <-ctx.Done():
+	case <-done:
+		select {
+		case <-ctx.Done():
+		case <-done:
+		}
+	}
+
+	_ = conn1.Close()
+	_ = conn2.Close()
+}

client/ssh/proxy/proxy.go

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ package proxy
 
 import (
 	"context"
+	"encoding/binary"
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
@@ -42,6 +43,14 @@ type SSHProxy struct {
 	conn          *grpc.ClientConn
 	daemonClient  proto.DaemonServiceClient
 	browserOpener func(string) error
+
+	mu            sync.RWMutex
+	backendClient *cryptossh.Client
+	// jwtToken is set once in runProxySSHServer before any handlers are called,
+	// so concurrent access is safe without additional synchronization.
+	jwtToken string
+
+	forwardedChannelsOnce sync.Once
 }
 
 func New(daemonAddr, targetHost string, targetPort int, stderr io.Writer, browserOpener func(string) error) (*SSHProxy, error) {
@@ -63,6 +72,17 @@ func New(daemonAddr, targetHost string, targetPort int, stderr io.Writer, browse
 }
 
 func (p *SSHProxy) Close() error {
+	p.mu.Lock()
+	backendClient := p.backendClient
+	p.backendClient = nil
+	p.mu.Unlock()
+
+	if backendClient != nil {
+		if err := backendClient.Close(); err != nil {
+			log.Debugf("close backend client: %v", err)
+		}
+	}
+
 	if p.conn != nil {
 		return p.conn.Close()
 	}
@@ -77,16 +97,16 @@ func (p *SSHProxy) Connect(ctx context.Context) error {
 		return fmt.Errorf(jwtAuthErrorMsg, err)
 	}
 
-	return p.runProxySSHServer(ctx, jwtToken)
+	log.Debugf("JWT authentication successful, starting proxy to %s:%d", p.targetHost, p.targetPort)
+	return p.runProxySSHServer(jwtToken)
 }
 
-func (p *SSHProxy) runProxySSHServer(ctx context.Context, jwtToken string) error {
+func (p *SSHProxy) runProxySSHServer(jwtToken string) error {
+	p.jwtToken = jwtToken
 	serverVersion := fmt.Sprintf("%s-%s", detection.ProxyIdentifier, version.NetbirdVersion())
 
 	sshServer := &ssh.Server{
-		Handler: func(s ssh.Session) {
-			p.handleSSHSession(ctx, s, jwtToken)
-		},
+		Handler: p.handleSSHSession,
 		ChannelHandlers: map[string]ssh.ChannelHandler{
 			"session":      ssh.DefaultSessionHandler,
 			"direct-tcpip": p.directTCPIPHandler,
@@ -119,15 +139,20 @@ func (p *SSHProxy) runProxySSHServer(ctx context.Context, jwtToken string) error
 	return nil
 }
 
-func (p *SSHProxy) handleSSHSession(ctx context.Context, session ssh.Session, jwtToken string) {
-	targetAddr := net.JoinHostPort(p.targetHost, strconv.Itoa(p.targetPort))
+func (p *SSHProxy) handleSSHSession(session ssh.Session) {
+	ptyReq, winCh, isPty := session.Pty()
+	hasCommand := len(session.Command()) > 0
 
-	sshClient, err := p.dialBackend(ctx, targetAddr, session.User(), jwtToken)
+	sshClient, err := p.getOrCreateBackendClient(session.Context(), session.User())
 	if err != nil {
 		_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(p.stderr, "SSH connection to NetBird server failed: %v\n", err)
 		return
 	}
-	defer func() { _ = sshClient.Close() }()
+
+	if !isPty && !hasCommand {
+		p.handleNonInteractiveSession(session, sshClient)
+		return
+	}
 
 	serverSession, err := sshClient.NewSession()
 	if err != nil {
@@ -140,7 +165,6 @@ func (p *SSHProxy) handleSSHSession(ctx context.Context, session ssh.Session, jw
 	serverSession.Stdout = session
 	serverSession.Stderr = session.Stderr()
 
-	ptyReq, winCh, isPty := session.Pty()
 	if isPty {
 		if err := serverSession.RequestPty(ptyReq.Term, ptyReq.Window.Width, ptyReq.Window.Height, nil); err != nil {
 			log.Debugf("PTY request to backend: %v", err)
@@ -155,7 +179,7 @@ func (p *SSHProxy) handleSSHSession(ctx context.Context, session ssh.Session, jw
 		}()
 	}
 
-	if len(session.Command()) > 0 {
+	if hasCommand {
 		if err := serverSession.Run(strings.Join(session.Command(), " ")); err != nil {
 			log.Debugf("run command: %v", err)
 			p.handleProxyExitCode(session, err)
@@ -176,12 +200,29 @@ func (p *SSHProxy) handleSSHSession(ctx context.Context, session ssh.Session, jw
 func (p *SSHProxy) handleProxyExitCode(session ssh.Session, err error) {
 	var exitErr *cryptossh.ExitError
 	if errors.As(err, &exitErr) {
-		if exitErr := session.Exit(exitErr.ExitStatus()); exitErr != nil {
-			log.Debugf("set exit status: %v", exitErr)
+		if err := session.Exit(exitErr.ExitStatus()); err != nil {
+			log.Debugf("set exit status: %v", err)
 		}
 	}
 }
 
+func (p *SSHProxy) handleNonInteractiveSession(session ssh.Session, sshClient *cryptossh.Client) {
+	// Create a backend session to mirror the client's session request.
+	// This keeps the connection alive on the server side while port forwarding channels operate.
+	serverSession, err := sshClient.NewSession()
+	if err != nil {
+		_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(p.stderr, "create server session: %v\n", err)
+		return
+	}
+	defer func() { _ = serverSession.Close() }()
+
+	<-session.Context().Done()
+
+	if err := session.Exit(0); err != nil {
+		log.Debugf("session exit: %v", err)
+	}
+}
+
 func generateHostKey() (ssh.Signer, error) {
 	keyPEM, err := nbssh.GeneratePrivateKey(nbssh.ED25519)
 	if err != nil {
@@ -250,8 +291,52 @@ func (c *stdioConn) SetWriteDeadline(_ time.Time) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
-func (p *SSHProxy) directTCPIPHandler(_ *ssh.Server, _ *cryptossh.ServerConn, newChan cryptossh.NewChannel, _ ssh.Context) {
-	_ = newChan.Reject(cryptossh.Prohibited, "port forwarding not supported in proxy")
+// directTCPIPHandler handles local port forwarding (direct-tcpip channel).
+func (p *SSHProxy) directTCPIPHandler(_ *ssh.Server, _ *cryptossh.ServerConn, newChan cryptossh.NewChannel, sshCtx ssh.Context) {
+	var payload struct {
+		DestAddr   string
+		DestPort   uint32
+		OriginAddr string
+		OriginPort uint32
+	}
+	if err := cryptossh.Unmarshal(newChan.ExtraData(), &payload); err != nil {
+		_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(p.stderr, "parse direct-tcpip payload: %v\n", err)
+		_ = newChan.Reject(cryptossh.ConnectionFailed, "invalid payload")
+		return
+	}
+
+	dest := fmt.Sprintf("%s:%d", payload.DestAddr, payload.DestPort)
+	log.Debugf("local port forwarding: %s", dest)
+
+	backendClient, err := p.getOrCreateBackendClient(sshCtx, sshCtx.User())
+	if err != nil {
+		_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(p.stderr, "backend connection for port forwarding: %v\n", err)
+		_ = newChan.Reject(cryptossh.ConnectionFailed, "backend connection failed")
+		return
+	}
+
+	backendChan, backendReqs, err := backendClient.OpenChannel("direct-tcpip", newChan.ExtraData())
+	if err != nil {
+		_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(p.stderr, "open backend channel for %s: %v\n", dest, err)
+		var openErr *cryptossh.OpenChannelError
+		if errors.As(err, &openErr) {
+			_ = newChan.Reject(openErr.Reason, openErr.Message)
+		} else {
+			_ = newChan.Reject(cryptossh.ConnectionFailed, err.Error())
+		}
+		return
+	}
+	go cryptossh.DiscardRequests(backendReqs)
+
+	clientChan, clientReqs, err := newChan.Accept()
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Debugf("local port forwarding: accept channel: %v", err)
+		_ = backendChan.Close()
+		return
+	}
+	go cryptossh.DiscardRequests(clientReqs)
+
+	nbssh.BidirectionalCopyWithContext(log.NewEntry(log.StandardLogger()), sshCtx, clientChan, backendChan)
 }
 
 func (p *SSHProxy) sftpSubsystemHandler(s ssh.Session, jwtToken string) {
@@ -354,12 +439,143 @@ func (p *SSHProxy) runSFTPBridge(ctx context.Context, s ssh.Session, stdin io.Wr
 	}
 }
 
-func (p *SSHProxy) tcpipForwardHandler(_ ssh.Context, _ *ssh.Server, _ *cryptossh.Request) (bool, []byte) {
-	return false, []byte("port forwarding not supported in proxy")
+// tcpipForwardHandler handles remote port forwarding (tcpip-forward request).
+func (p *SSHProxy) tcpipForwardHandler(sshCtx ssh.Context, _ *ssh.Server, req *cryptossh.Request) (bool, []byte) {
+	var reqPayload struct {
+		Host string
+		Port uint32
+	}
+	if err := cryptossh.Unmarshal(req.Payload, &reqPayload); err != nil {
+		_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(p.stderr, "parse tcpip-forward payload: %v\n", err)
+		return false, nil
+	}
+
+	log.Debugf("tcpip-forward request for %s:%d", reqPayload.Host, reqPayload.Port)
+
+	backendClient, err := p.getOrCreateBackendClient(sshCtx, sshCtx.User())
+	if err != nil {
+		_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(p.stderr, "backend connection for remote port forwarding: %v\n", err)
+		return false, nil
+	}
+
+	ok, payload, err := backendClient.SendRequest(req.Type, req.WantReply, req.Payload)
+	if err != nil {
+		_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(p.stderr, "forward tcpip-forward request for %s:%d: %v\n", reqPayload.Host, reqPayload.Port, err)
+		return false, nil
+	}
+
+	if ok {
+		actualPort := reqPayload.Port
+		if reqPayload.Port == 0 && len(payload) >= 4 {
+			actualPort = binary.BigEndian.Uint32(payload)
+		}
+		log.Debugf("remote port forwarding established for %s:%d", reqPayload.Host, actualPort)
+		p.forwardedChannelsOnce.Do(func() {
+			go p.handleForwardedChannels(sshCtx, backendClient)
+		})
+	}
+
+	return ok, payload
 }
 
-func (p *SSHProxy) cancelTcpipForwardHandler(_ ssh.Context, _ *ssh.Server, _ *cryptossh.Request) (bool, []byte) {
-	return true, nil
+// cancelTcpipForwardHandler handles cancel-tcpip-forward request.
+func (p *SSHProxy) cancelTcpipForwardHandler(_ ssh.Context, _ *ssh.Server, req *cryptossh.Request) (bool, []byte) {
+	var reqPayload struct {
+		Host string
+		Port uint32
+	}
+	if err := cryptossh.Unmarshal(req.Payload, &reqPayload); err != nil {
+		_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(p.stderr, "parse cancel-tcpip-forward payload: %v\n", err)
+		return false, nil
+	}
+
+	log.Debugf("cancel-tcpip-forward request for %s:%d", reqPayload.Host, reqPayload.Port)
+
+	backendClient := p.getBackendClient()
+	if backendClient == nil {
+		return false, nil
+	}
+
+	ok, payload, err := backendClient.SendRequest(req.Type, req.WantReply, req.Payload)
+	if err != nil {
+		_, _ = fmt.Fprintf(p.stderr, "cancel-tcpip-forward for %s:%d: %v\n", reqPayload.Host, reqPayload.Port, err)
+		return false, nil
+	}
+
+	return ok, payload
+}
+
+// getOrCreateBackendClient returns the existing backend client or creates a new one.
+func (p *SSHProxy) getOrCreateBackendClient(ctx context.Context, user string) (*cryptossh.Client, error) {
+	p.mu.Lock()
+	defer p.mu.Unlock()
+
+	if p.backendClient != nil {
+		return p.backendClient, nil
+	}
+
+	targetAddr := net.JoinHostPort(p.targetHost, strconv.Itoa(p.targetPort))
+	log.Debugf("connecting to backend %s", targetAddr)
+
+	client, err := p.dialBackend(ctx, targetAddr, user, p.jwtToken)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	log.Debugf("backend connection established to %s", targetAddr)
+	p.backendClient = client
+	return client, nil
+}
+
+// getBackendClient returns the existing backend client or nil.
+func (p *SSHProxy) getBackendClient() *cryptossh.Client {
+	p.mu.RLock()
+	defer p.mu.RUnlock()
+	return p.backendClient
+}
+
+// handleForwardedChannels handles forwarded-tcpip channels from the backend for remote port forwarding.
+// When the backend receives incoming connections on the forwarded port, it sends them as
+// "forwarded-tcpip" channels which we need to proxy to the client.
+func (p *SSHProxy) handleForwardedChannels(sshCtx ssh.Context, backendClient *cryptossh.Client) {
+	sshConn, ok := sshCtx.Value(ssh.ContextKeyConn).(*cryptossh.ServerConn)
+	if !ok || sshConn == nil {
+		log.Debugf("no SSH connection in context for forwarded channels")
+		return
+	}
+
+	channelChan := backendClient.HandleChannelOpen("forwarded-tcpip")
+	for {
+		select {
+		case <-sshCtx.Done():
+			return
+		case newChannel, ok := <-channelChan:
+			if !ok {
+				return
+			}
+			go p.handleForwardedChannel(sshCtx, sshConn, newChannel)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// handleForwardedChannel handles a single forwarded-tcpip channel from the backend.
+func (p *SSHProxy) handleForwardedChannel(sshCtx ssh.Context, sshConn *cryptossh.ServerConn, newChannel cryptossh.NewChannel) {
+	backendChan, backendReqs, err := newChannel.Accept()
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Debugf("remote port forwarding: accept from backend: %v", err)
+		return
+	}
+	go cryptossh.DiscardRequests(backendReqs)
+
+	clientChan, clientReqs, err := sshConn.OpenChannel("forwarded-tcpip", newChannel.ExtraData())
+	if err != nil {
+		log.Debugf("remote port forwarding: open to client: %v", err)
+		_ = backendChan.Close()
+		return
+	}
+	go cryptossh.DiscardRequests(clientReqs)
+
+	nbssh.BidirectionalCopyWithContext(log.NewEntry(log.StandardLogger()), sshCtx, clientChan, backendChan)
 }
 
 func (p *SSHProxy) dialBackend(ctx context.Context, addr, user, jwtToken string) (*cryptossh.Client, error) {

client/ssh/proxy/proxy_test.go

@@ -27,9 +27,11 @@ import (
 
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/proto"
 	nbssh "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/ssh"
+	sshauth "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/ssh/auth"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/ssh/server"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/ssh/testutil"
 	nbjwt "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/shared/auth/jwt"
+	sshuserhash "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/shared/sshauth"
 )
 
 func TestMain(m *testing.M) {
@@ -137,6 +139,21 @@ func TestSSHProxy_Connect(t *testing.T) {
 	sshServer := server.New(serverConfig)
 	sshServer.SetAllowRootLogin(true)
 
+	// Configure SSH authorization for the test user
+	testUsername := testutil.GetTestUsername(t)
+	testJWTUser := "test-username"
+	testUserHash, err := sshuserhash.HashUserID(testJWTUser)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	authConfig := &sshauth.Config{
+		UserIDClaim:     sshauth.DefaultUserIDClaim,
+		AuthorizedUsers: []sshuserhash.UserIDHash{testUserHash},
+		MachineUsers: map[string][]uint32{
+			testUsername: {0}, // Index 0 in AuthorizedUsers
+		},
+	}
+	sshServer.UpdateSSHAuth(authConfig)
+
 	sshServerAddr := server.StartTestServer(t, sshServer)
 	defer func() { _ = sshServer.Stop() }()
 
@@ -150,10 +167,10 @@ func TestSSHProxy_Connect(t *testing.T) {
 
 	mockDaemon.setHostKey(host, hostPubKey)
 
-	validToken := generateValidJWT(t, privateKey, issuer, audience)
+	validToken := generateValidJWT(t, privateKey, issuer, audience, testJWTUser)
 	mockDaemon.setJWTToken(validToken)
 
-	proxyInstance, err := New(mockDaemon.addr, host, port, nil, nil)
+	proxyInstance, err := New(mockDaemon.addr, host, port, io.Discard, nil)
 	require.NoError(t, err)
 
 	clientConn, proxyConn := net.Pipe()
@@ -347,12 +364,12 @@ func generateTestJWKS(t *testing.T) (*rsa.PrivateKey, []byte) {
 	return privateKey, jwksJSON
 }
 
-func generateValidJWT(t *testing.T, privateKey *rsa.PrivateKey, issuer, audience string) string {
+func generateValidJWT(t *testing.T, privateKey *rsa.PrivateKey, issuer, audience string, user string) string {
 	t.Helper()
 	claims := jwt.MapClaims{
 		"iss": issuer,
 		"aud": audience,
-		"sub": "test-user",
+		"sub": user,
 		"exp": time.Now().Add(time.Hour).Unix(),
 		"iat": time.Now().Unix(),
 	}

client/ssh/server/jwt_test.go

@@ -23,10 +23,12 @@ import (
 	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
 
 	nbssh "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/ssh"
+	sshauth "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/ssh/auth"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/ssh/client"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/ssh/detection"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/ssh/testutil"
 	nbjwt "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/shared/auth/jwt"
+	sshuserhash "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/shared/sshauth"
 )
 
 func TestJWTEnforcement(t *testing.T) {
@@ -577,6 +579,22 @@ func TestJWTAuthentication(t *testing.T) {
 				tc.setupServer(server)
 			}
 
+			// Always set up authorization for test-user to ensure tests fail at JWT validation stage
+			testUserHash, err := sshuserhash.HashUserID("test-user")
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+
+			// Get current OS username for machine user mapping
+			currentUser := testutil.GetTestUsername(t)
+
+			authConfig := &sshauth.Config{
+				UserIDClaim:     sshauth.DefaultUserIDClaim,
+				AuthorizedUsers: []sshuserhash.UserIDHash{testUserHash},
+				MachineUsers: map[string][]uint32{
+					currentUser: {0}, // Allow test-user (index 0) to access current OS user
+				},
+			}
+			server.UpdateSSHAuth(authConfig)
+
 			serverAddr := StartTestServer(t, server)
 			defer require.NoError(t, server.Stop())
 
@@ -584,12 +602,13 @@ func TestJWTAuthentication(t *testing.T) {
 			require.NoError(t, err)
 
 			var authMethods []cryptossh.AuthMethod
-			if tc.token == "valid" {
+			switch tc.token {
+			case "valid":
 				token := generateValidJWT(t, privateKey, issuer, audience)
 				authMethods = []cryptossh.AuthMethod{
 					cryptossh.Password(token),
 				}
-			} else if tc.token == "invalid" {
+			case "invalid":
 				invalidToken := "eyJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJzdWIiOiIxMjM0NTY3ODkwIiwibmFtZSI6IkpvaG4gRG9lIiwiaWF0IjoxNTE2MjM5MDIyfQ.invalid"
 				authMethods = []cryptossh.AuthMethod{
 					cryptossh.Password(invalidToken),

client/ssh/server/port_forwarding.go

@@ -1,25 +1,32 @@
+// Package server implements port forwarding for the SSH server.
+//
+// Security note: Port forwarding runs in the main server process without privilege separation.
+// The attack surface is primarily io.Copy through well-tested standard library code, making it
+// lower risk than shell execution which uses privilege-separated child processes. We enforce
+// user-level port restrictions: non-privileged users cannot bind to ports < 1024.
 package server
 
 import (
 	"encoding/binary"
 	"fmt"
-	"io"
 	"net"
+	"runtime"
 	"strconv"
 
 	"github.com/gliderlabs/ssh"
 	log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
 	cryptossh "golang.org/x/crypto/ssh"
+
+	nbssh "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/ssh"
 )
 
-// SessionKey uniquely identifies an SSH session
-type SessionKey string
+const privilegedPortThreshold = 1024
 
-// ConnectionKey uniquely identifies a port forwarding connection within a session
-type ConnectionKey string
+// sessionKey uniquely identifies an SSH session
+type sessionKey string
 
-// ForwardKey uniquely identifies a port forwarding listener
-type ForwardKey string
+// forwardKey uniquely identifies a port forwarding listener
+type forwardKey string
 
 // tcpipForwardMsg represents the structure for tcpip-forward SSH requests
 type tcpipForwardMsg struct {
@@ -47,34 +54,32 @@ func (s *Server) configurePortForwarding(server *ssh.Server) {
 	allowRemote := s.allowRemotePortForwarding
 
 	server.LocalPortForwardingCallback = func(ctx ssh.Context, dstHost string, dstPort uint32) bool {
+		logger := s.getRequestLogger(ctx)
 		if !allowLocal {
-			log.Warnf("local port forwarding denied for %s from %s: disabled by configuration",
-				net.JoinHostPort(dstHost, fmt.Sprintf("%d", dstPort)), ctx.RemoteAddr())
+			logger.Warnf("local port forwarding denied for %s:%d: disabled", dstHost, dstPort)
 			return false
 		}
 
 		if err := s.checkPortForwardingPrivileges(ctx, "local", dstPort); err != nil {
-			log.Warnf("local port forwarding denied for %s:%d from %s: %v", dstHost, dstPort, ctx.RemoteAddr(), err)
+			logger.Warnf("local port forwarding denied for %s:%d: %v", dstHost, dstPort, err)
 			return false
 		}
 
-		log.Debugf("local port forwarding allowed: %s:%d", dstHost, dstPort)
 		return true
 	}
 
 	server.ReversePortForwardingCallback = func(ctx ssh.Context, bindHost string, bindPort uint32) bool {
+		logger := s.getRequestLogger(ctx)
 		if !allowRemote {
-			log.Warnf("remote port forwarding denied for %s from %s: disabled by configuration",
-				net.JoinHostPort(bindHost, fmt.Sprintf("%d", bindPort)), ctx.RemoteAddr())
+			logger.Warnf("remote port forwarding denied for %s:%d: disabled", bindHost, bindPort)
 			return false
 		}
 
 		if err := s.checkPortForwardingPrivileges(ctx, "remote", bindPort); err != nil {
-			log.Warnf("remote port forwarding denied for %s:%d from %s: %v", bindHost, bindPort, ctx.RemoteAddr(), err)
+			logger.Warnf("remote port forwarding denied for %s:%d: %v", bindHost, bindPort, err)
 			return false
 		}
 
-		log.Debugf("remote port forwarding allowed: %s:%d", bindHost, bindPort)
 		return true
 	}
 
@@ -82,23 +87,20 @@ func (s *Server) configurePortForwarding(server *ssh.Server) {
 }
 
 // checkPortForwardingPrivileges validates privilege requirements for port forwarding operations.
-// Returns nil if allowed, error if denied.
+// For remote port forwarding (binding), it enforces that non-privileged users cannot bind to
+// ports below 1024, mirroring the restriction they would face if binding directly.
+//
+// Note: FeatureSupportsUserSwitch is true because we accept requests from any authenticated user,
+// though we don't actually switch users - port forwarding runs in the server process. The resolved
+// user is used for privileged port access checks.
 func (s *Server) checkPortForwardingPrivileges(ctx ssh.Context, forwardType string, port uint32) error {
 	if ctx == nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("%s port forwarding denied: no context", forwardType)
 	}
 
-	username := ctx.User()
-	remoteAddr := "unknown"
-	if ctx.RemoteAddr() != nil {
-		remoteAddr = ctx.RemoteAddr().String()
-	}
-
-	logger := log.WithFields(log.Fields{"user": username, "remote": remoteAddr, "port": port})
-
 	result := s.CheckPrivileges(PrivilegeCheckRequest{
-		RequestedUsername:         username,
-		FeatureSupportsUserSwitch: false,
+		RequestedUsername:         ctx.User(),
+		FeatureSupportsUserSwitch: true,
 		FeatureName:               forwardType + " port forwarding",
 	})
 
@@ -106,12 +108,42 @@ func (s *Server) checkPortForwardingPrivileges(ctx ssh.Context, forwardType stri
 		return result.Error
 	}
 
-	logger.Debugf("%s port forwarding allowed: user %s validated (port %d)",
-		forwardType, result.User.Username, port)
+	if err := s.checkPrivilegedPortAccess(forwardType, port, result); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
 
 	return nil
 }
 
+// checkPrivilegedPortAccess enforces that non-privileged users cannot bind to privileged ports.
+// This applies to remote port forwarding where the server binds a port on behalf of the user.
+// On Windows, there is no privileged port restriction, so this check is skipped.
+func (s *Server) checkPrivilegedPortAccess(forwardType string, port uint32, result PrivilegeCheckResult) error {
+	if runtime.GOOS == "windows" {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	isBindOperation := forwardType == "remote" || forwardType == "tcpip-forward"
+	if !isBindOperation {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	// Port 0 means "pick any available port", which will be >= 1024
+	if port == 0 || port >= privilegedPortThreshold {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	if result.User != nil && isPrivilegedUsername(result.User.Username) {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	username := "unknown"
+	if result.User != nil {
+		username = result.User.Username
+	}
+	return fmt.Errorf("user %s cannot bind to privileged port %d (requires root)", username, port)
+}
+
 // tcpipForwardHandler handles tcpip-forward requests for remote port forwarding.
 func (s *Server) tcpipForwardHandler(ctx ssh.Context, _ *ssh.Server, req *cryptossh.Request) (bool, []byte) {
 	logger := s.getRequestLogger(ctx)
@@ -132,8 +164,6 @@ func (s *Server) tcpipForwardHandler(ctx ssh.Context, _ *ssh.Server, req *crypto
 		return false, nil
 	}
 
-	logger.Debugf("tcpip-forward request: %s:%d", payload.Host, payload.Port)
-
 	sshConn, err := s.getSSHConnection(ctx)
 	if err != nil {
 		logger.Warnf("tcpip-forward request denied: %v", err)
@@ -153,8 +183,10 @@ func (s *Server) cancelTcpipForwardHandler(ctx ssh.Context, _ *ssh.Server, req *
 		return false, nil
 	}
 
-	key := ForwardKey(fmt.Sprintf("%s:%d", payload.Host, payload.Port))
+	key := forwardKey(fmt.Sprintf("%s:%d", payload.Host, payload.Port))
 	if s.removeRemoteForwardListener(key) {
+		forwardAddr := fmt.Sprintf("-R %s:%d", payload.Host, payload.Port)
+		s.removeConnectionPortForward(ctx.RemoteAddr(), forwardAddr)
 		logger.Infof("remote port forwarding cancelled: %s:%d", payload.Host, payload.Port)
 		return true, nil
 	}
@@ -165,14 +197,11 @@ func (s *Server) cancelTcpipForwardHandler(ctx ssh.Context, _ *ssh.Server, req *
 
 // handleRemoteForwardListener handles incoming connections for remote port forwarding.
 func (s *Server) handleRemoteForwardListener(ctx ssh.Context, ln net.Listener, host string, port uint32) {
-	log.Debugf("starting remote forward listener handler for %s:%d", host, port)
+	logger := s.getRequestLogger(ctx)
 
 	defer func() {
-		log.Debugf("cleaning up remote forward listener for %s:%d", host, port)
 		if err := ln.Close(); err != nil {
-			log.Debugf("remote forward listener close error: %v", err)
-		} else {
-			log.Debugf("remote forward listener closed successfully for %s:%d", host, port)
+			logger.Debugf("remote forward listener close error for %s:%d: %v", host, port, err)
 		}
 	}()
 
@@ -196,28 +225,43 @@ func (s *Server) handleRemoteForwardListener(ctx ssh.Context, ln net.Listener, h
 		select {
 		case result := <-acceptChan:
 			if result.err != nil {
-				log.Debugf("remote forward accept error: %v", result.err)
+				logger.Debugf("remote forward accept error: %v", result.err)
 				return
 			}
 			go s.handleRemoteForwardConnection(ctx, result.conn, host, port)
 		case <-ctx.Done():
-			log.Debugf("remote forward listener shutting down due to context cancellation for %s:%d", host, port)
+			logger.Debugf("remote forward listener shutting down for %s:%d", host, port)
 			return
 		}
 	}
 }
 
-// getRequestLogger creates a logger with user and remote address context
+// getRequestLogger creates a logger with session/conn and jwt_user context
 func (s *Server) getRequestLogger(ctx ssh.Context) *log.Entry {
-	remoteAddr := "unknown"
-	username := "unknown"
-	if ctx != nil {
-		if ctx.RemoteAddr() != nil {
-			remoteAddr = ctx.RemoteAddr().String()
+	sessionKey := s.findSessionKeyByContext(ctx)
+
+	s.mu.RLock()
+	defer s.mu.RUnlock()
+
+	if state, exists := s.sessions[sessionKey]; exists {
+		logger := log.WithField("session", sessionKey)
+		if state.jwtUsername != "" {
+			logger = logger.WithField("jwt_user", state.jwtUsername)
 		}
-		username = ctx.User()
+		return logger
 	}
-	return log.WithFields(log.Fields{"user": username, "remote": remoteAddr})
+
+	if ctx.RemoteAddr() != nil {
+		if connState, exists := s.connections[connKey(ctx.RemoteAddr().String())]; exists {
+			return s.connLogger(connState)
+		}
+	}
+
+	remoteAddr := "unknown"
+	if ctx.RemoteAddr() != nil {
+		remoteAddr = ctx.RemoteAddr().String()
+	}
+	return log.WithField("session", fmt.Sprintf("%s@%s", ctx.User(), remoteAddr))
 }
 
 // isRemotePortForwardingAllowed checks if remote port forwarding is enabled
@@ -227,6 +271,13 @@ func (s *Server) isRemotePortForwardingAllowed() bool {
 	return s.allowRemotePortForwarding
 }
 
+// isPortForwardingEnabled checks if any port forwarding (local or remote) is enabled
+func (s *Server) isPortForwardingEnabled() bool {
+	s.mu.RLock()
+	defer s.mu.RUnlock()
+	return s.allowLocalPortForwarding || s.allowRemotePortForwarding
+}
+
 // parseTcpipForwardRequest parses the SSH request payload
 func (s *Server) parseTcpipForwardRequest(req *cryptossh.Request) (*tcpipForwardMsg, error) {
 	var payload tcpipForwardMsg
@@ -267,10 +318,11 @@ func (s *Server) setupDirectForward(ctx ssh.Context, logger *log.Entry, sshConn
 		logger.Debugf("tcpip-forward allocated port %d for %s", actualPort, payload.Host)
 	}
 
-	key := ForwardKey(fmt.Sprintf("%s:%d", payload.Host, payload.Port))
+	key := forwardKey(fmt.Sprintf("%s:%d", payload.Host, payload.Port))
 	s.storeRemoteForwardListener(key, ln)
 
-	s.markConnectionActivePortForward(sshConn, ctx.User(), ctx.RemoteAddr().String())
+	forwardAddr := fmt.Sprintf("-R %s:%d", payload.Host, actualPort)
+	s.addConnectionPortForward(ctx.User(), ctx.RemoteAddr(), forwardAddr)
 	go s.handleRemoteForwardListener(ctx, ln, payload.Host, actualPort)
 
 	response := make([]byte, 4)
@@ -288,44 +340,34 @@ type acceptResult struct {
 
 // handleRemoteForwardConnection handles a single remote port forwarding connection
 func (s *Server) handleRemoteForwardConnection(ctx ssh.Context, conn net.Conn, host string, port uint32) {
-	sessionKey := s.findSessionKeyByContext(ctx)
-	connID := fmt.Sprintf("pf-%s->%s:%d", conn.RemoteAddr(), host, port)
-	logger := log.WithFields(log.Fields{
-		"session": sessionKey,
-		"conn":    connID,
-	})
+	logger := s.getRequestLogger(ctx)
 
-	defer func() {
-		if err := conn.Close(); err != nil {
-			logger.Debugf("connection close error: %v", err)
-		}
-	}()
-
-	sshConn := ctx.Value(ssh.ContextKeyConn).(*cryptossh.ServerConn)
-	if sshConn == nil {
+	sshConn, ok := ctx.Value(ssh.ContextKeyConn).(*cryptossh.ServerConn)
+	if !ok || sshConn == nil {
 		logger.Debugf("remote forward: no SSH connection in context")
+		_ = conn.Close()
 		return
 	}
 
 	remoteAddr, ok := conn.RemoteAddr().(*net.TCPAddr)
 	if !ok {
 		logger.Warnf("remote forward: non-TCP connection type: %T", conn.RemoteAddr())
+		_ = conn.Close()
 		return
 	}
 
-	channel, err := s.openForwardChannel(sshConn, host, port, remoteAddr, logger)
+	channel, err := s.openForwardChannel(sshConn, host, port, remoteAddr)
 	if err != nil {
-		logger.Debugf("open forward channel: %v", err)
+		logger.Debugf("open forward channel for %s:%d: %v", host, port, err)
+		_ = conn.Close()
 		return
 	}
 
-	s.proxyForwardConnection(ctx, logger, conn, channel)
+	nbssh.BidirectionalCopyWithContext(logger, ctx, conn, channel)
 }
 
 // openForwardChannel creates an SSH forwarded-tcpip channel
-func (s *Server) openForwardChannel(sshConn *cryptossh.ServerConn, host string, port uint32, remoteAddr *net.TCPAddr, logger *log.Entry) (cryptossh.Channel, error) {
-	logger.Tracef("opening forwarded-tcpip channel for %s:%d", host, port)
-
+func (s *Server) openForwardChannel(sshConn *cryptossh.ServerConn, host string, port uint32, remoteAddr *net.TCPAddr) (cryptossh.Channel, error) {
 	payload := struct {
 		ConnectedAddress  string
 		ConnectedPort     uint32
@@ -346,41 +388,3 @@ func (s *Server) openForwardChannel(sshConn *cryptossh.ServerConn, host string,
 	go cryptossh.DiscardRequests(reqs)
 	return channel, nil
 }
-
-// proxyForwardConnection handles bidirectional data transfer between connection and SSH channel
-func (s *Server) proxyForwardConnection(ctx ssh.Context, logger *log.Entry, conn net.Conn, channel cryptossh.Channel) {
-	done := make(chan struct{}, 2)
-
-	go func() {
-		if _, err := io.Copy(channel, conn); err != nil {
-			logger.Debugf("copy error (conn->channel): %v", err)
-		}
-		done <- struct{}{}
-	}()
-
-	go func() {
-		if _, err := io.Copy(conn, channel); err != nil {
-			logger.Debugf("copy error (channel->conn): %v", err)
-		}
-		done <- struct{}{}
-	}()
-
-	select {
-	case <-ctx.Done():
-		logger.Debugf("session ended, closing connections")
-	case <-done:
-		// First copy finished, wait for second copy or context cancellation
-		select {
-		case <-ctx.Done():
-			logger.Debugf("session ended, closing connections")
-		case <-done:
-		}
-	}
-
-	if err := channel.Close(); err != nil {
-		logger.Debugf("channel close error: %v", err)
-	}
-	if err := conn.Close(); err != nil {
-		logger.Debugf("connection close error: %v", err)
-	}
-}

client/ssh/server/server.go

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import (
 	"io"
 	"net"
 	"net/netip"
+	"slices"
 	"strings"
 	"sync"
 	"time"
@@ -21,6 +22,7 @@ import (
 	"golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard/tun/netstack"
 
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/iface/wgaddr"
+	sshauth "github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/ssh/auth"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/client/ssh/detection"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/shared/auth"
 	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/shared/auth/jwt"
@@ -39,6 +41,11 @@ const (
 
 	msgPrivilegedUserDisabled = "privileged user login is disabled"
 
+	cmdInteractiveShell = "<interactive shell>"
+	cmdPortForwarding   = "<port forwarding>"
+	cmdSFTP             = "<sftp>"
+	cmdNonInteractive   = "<idle>"
+
 	// DefaultJWTMaxTokenAge is the default maximum age for JWT tokens accepted by the SSH server
 	DefaultJWTMaxTokenAge = 5 * 60
 )
@@ -89,10 +96,10 @@ func logSessionExitError(logger *log.Entry, err error) {
 	}
 }
 
-// safeLogCommand returns a safe representation of the command for logging
+// safeLogCommand returns a safe representation of the command for logging.
 func safeLogCommand(cmd []string) string {
 	if len(cmd) == 0 {
-		return "<interactive shell>"
+		return cmdInteractiveShell
 	}
 	if len(cmd) == 1 {
 		return cmd[0]
@@ -100,26 +107,50 @@ func safeLogCommand(cmd []string) string {
 	return fmt.Sprintf("%s [%d args]", cmd[0], len(cmd)-1)
 }
 
-type sshConnectionState struct {
-	hasActivePortForward bool
-	username             string
-	remoteAddr           string
+// connState tracks the state of an SSH connection for port forwarding and status display.
+type connState struct {
+	username     string
+	remoteAddr   net.Addr
+	portForwards []string
+	jwtUsername  string
 }
 
+// authKey uniquely identifies an authentication attempt by username and remote address.
+// Used to temporarily store JWT username between passwordHandler and sessionHandler.
 type authKey string
 
+// connKey uniquely identifies an SSH connection by its remote address.
+// Used to track authenticated connections for status display and port forwarding.
+type connKey string
+
 func newAuthKey(username string, remoteAddr net.Addr) authKey {
 	return authKey(fmt.Sprintf("%s@%s", username, remoteAddr.String()))
 }
 
+// sessionState tracks an active SSH session (shell, command, or subsystem like SFTP).
+type sessionState struct {
+	session     ssh.Session
+	sessionType string
+	jwtUsername string
+}
+
 type Server struct {
-	sshServer       *ssh.Server
-	mu              sync.RWMutex
-	hostKeyPEM      []byte
-	sessions        map[SessionKey]ssh.Session
-	sessionCancels  map[ConnectionKey]context.CancelFunc
-	sessionJWTUsers map[SessionKey]string
-	pendingAuthJWT  map[authKey]string
+	sshServer  *ssh.Server
+	listener   net.Listener
+	mu         sync.RWMutex
+	hostKeyPEM []byte
+
+	// sessions tracks active SSH sessions (shell, command, SFTP).
+	// These are created when a client opens a session channel and requests shell/exec/subsystem.
+	sessions map[sessionKey]*sessionState
+
+	// pendingAuthJWT temporarily stores JWT username during the auth→session handoff.
+	// Populated in passwordHandler, consumed in sessionHandler/sftpSubsystemHandler.
+	pendingAuthJWT map[authKey]string
+
+	// connections tracks all SSH connections by their remote address.
+	// Populated at authentication time, stores JWT username and port forwards for status display.
+	connections map[connKey]*connState
 
 	allowLocalPortForwarding  bool
 	allowRemotePortForwarding bool
@@ -131,13 +162,14 @@ type Server struct {
 
 	wgAddress wgaddr.Address
 
-	remoteForwardListeners map[ForwardKey]net.Listener
-	sshConnections         map[*cryptossh.ServerConn]*sshConnectionState
+	remoteForwardListeners map[forwardKey]net.Listener
 
 	jwtValidator *jwt.Validator
 	jwtExtractor *jwt.ClaimsExtractor
 	jwtConfig    *JWTConfig
 
+	authorizer *sshauth.Authorizer
+
 	suSupportsPty    bool
 	loginIsUtilLinux bool
 }
@@ -164,6 +196,7 @@ type SessionInfo struct {
 	RemoteAddress string
 	Command       string
 	JWTUsername   string
+	PortForwards  []string
 }
 
 // New creates an SSH server instance with the provided host key and optional JWT configuration
@@ -172,13 +205,13 @@ func New(config *Config) *Server {
 	s := &Server{
 		mu:                     sync.RWMutex{},
 		hostKeyPEM:             config.HostKeyPEM,
-		sessions:               make(map[SessionKey]ssh.Session),
-		sessionJWTUsers:        make(map[SessionKey]string),
+		sessions:               make(map[sessionKey]*sessionState),
 		pendingAuthJWT:         make(map[authKey]string),
-		remoteForwardListeners: make(map[ForwardKey]net.Listener),
-		sshConnections:         make(map[*cryptossh.ServerConn]*sshConnectionState),
+		remoteForwardListeners: make(map[forwardKey]net.Listener),
+		connections:            make(map[connKey]*connState),
 		jwtEnabled:             config.JWT != nil,
 		jwtConfig:              config.JWT,
+		authorizer:             sshauth.NewAuthorizer(), // Initialize with empty config
 	}
 
 	return s
@@ -207,6 +240,7 @@ func (s *Server) Start(ctx context.Context, addr netip.AddrPort) error {
 		return fmt.Errorf("create SSH server: %w", err)
 	}
 
+	s.listener = ln
 	s.sshServer = sshServer
 	log.Infof("SSH server started on %s", addrDesc)
 
@@ -259,16 +293,11 @@ func (s *Server) Stop() error {
 	}
 
 	s.sshServer = nil
+	s.listener = nil
 
 	maps.Clear(s.sessions)
-	maps.Clear(s.sessionJWTUsers)
 	maps.Clear(s.pendingAuthJWT)
-	maps.Clear(s.sshConnections)
-
-	for _, cancelFunc := range s.sessionCancels {
-		cancelFunc()
-	}
-	maps.Clear(s.sessionCancels)
+	maps.Clear(s.connections)
 
 	for _, listener := range s.remoteForwardListeners {
 		if err := listener.Close(); err != nil {
@@ -280,32 +309,82 @@ func (s *Server) Stop() error {
 	return nil
 }
 
-// GetStatus returns the current status of the SSH server and active sessions
+// Addr returns the address the SSH server is listening on, or nil if the server is not running
+func (s *Server) Addr() net.Addr {
+	s.mu.RLock()
+	defer s.mu.RUnlock()
+
+	if s.listener == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	return s.listener.Addr()
+}
+
+// GetStatus returns the current status of the SSH server and active sessions.
 func (s *Server) GetStatus() (enabled bool, sessions []SessionInfo) {
 	s.mu.RLock()
 	defer s.mu.RUnlock()
 
 	enabled = s.sshServer != nil
+	reportedAddrs := make(map[string]bool)
 
-	for sessionKey, session := range s.sessions {
-		cmd := "<interactive shell>"
-		if len(session.Command()) > 0 {
-			cmd = safeLogCommand(session.Command())
+	for _, state := range s.sessions {
+		info := s.buildSessionInfo(state)
+		reportedAddrs[info.RemoteAddress] = true
+		sessions = append(sessions, info)
+	}
+
+	// Add authenticated connections without sessions (e.g., -N/-T or port-forwarding only)
+	for key, connState := range s.connections {
+		remoteAddr := string(key)
+		if reportedAddrs[remoteAddr] {
+			continue
+		}
+		cmd := cmdNonInteractive
+		if len(connState.portForwards) > 0 {
+			cmd = cmdPortForwarding
 		}
-
-		jwtUsername := s.sessionJWTUsers[sessionKey]
-
 		sessions = append(sessions, SessionInfo{
-			Username:      session.User(),
-			RemoteAddress: session.RemoteAddr().String(),
+			Username:      connState.username,
+			RemoteAddress: remoteAddr,
 			Command:       cmd,
-			JWTUsername:   jwtUsername,
+			JWTUsername:   connState.jwtUsername,
+			PortForwards:  connState.portForwards,
 		})
 	}
 
 	return enabled, sessions
 }
 
+func (s *Server) buildSessionInfo(state *sessionState) SessionInfo {
+	session := state.session
+	cmd := state.sessionType
+	if cmd == "" {
+		cmd = safeLogCommand(session.Command())
+	}
+
+	remoteAddr := session.RemoteAddr().String()
+	info := SessionInfo{
+		Username:      session.User(),
+		RemoteAddress: remoteAddr,
+		Command:       cmd,
+		JWTUsername:   state.jwtUsername,
+	}
+
+	connState, exists := s.connections[connKey(remoteAddr)]
+	if !exists {
+		return info
+	}
+
+	info.PortForwards = connState.portForwards
+	if len(connState.portForwards) > 0 && (cmd == cmdInteractiveShell || cmd == cmdNonInteractive) {
+		info.Command = cmdPortForwarding
+	}
+
+	return info
+}
+
 // SetNetstackNet sets the netstack network for userspace networking
 func (s *Server) SetNetstackNet(net *netstack.Net) {
 	s.mu.Lock()
@@ -320,6 +399,19 @@ func (s *Server) SetNetworkValidation(addr wgaddr.Address) {
 	s.wgAddress = addr
 }
 
+// UpdateSSHAuth updates the SSH fine-grained access control configuration
+// This should be called when network map updates include new SSH auth configuration
+func (s *Server) UpdateSSHAuth(config *sshauth.Config) {
+	s.mu.Lock()
+	defer s.mu.Unlock()
+
+	// Reset JWT validator/extractor to pick up new userIDClaim
+	s.jwtValidator = nil
+	s.jwtExtractor = nil
+
+	s.authorizer.Update(config)
+}
+
 // ensureJWTValidator initializes the JWT validator and extractor if not already initialized
 func (s *Server) ensureJWTValidator() error {
 	s.mu.RLock()
@@ -328,6 +420,7 @@ func (s *Server) ensureJWTValidator() error {
 		return nil
 	}
 	config := s.jwtConfig
+	authorizer := s.authorizer
 	s.mu.RUnlock()
 
 	if config == nil {
@@ -343,9 +436,16 @@ func (s *Server) ensureJWTValidator() error {
 		true,
 	)
 
-	extractor := jwt.NewClaimsExtractor(
+	// Use custom userIDClaim from authorizer if available
+	extractorOptions := []jwt.ClaimsExtractorOption{
 		jwt.WithAudience(config.Audience),
-	)
+	}
+	if authorizer.GetUserIDClaim() != "" {
+		extractorOptions = append(extractorOptions, jwt.WithUserIDClaim(authorizer.GetUserIDClaim()))
+		log.Debugf("Using custom user ID claim: %s", authorizer.GetUserIDClaim())
+	}
+
+	extractor := jwt.NewClaimsExtractor(extractorOptions...)
 
 	s.mu.Lock()
 	defer s.mu.Unlock()
@@ -493,59 +593,131 @@ func (s *Server) parseTokenWithoutValidation(tokenString string) (map[string]int
 }
 
 func (s *Server) passwordHandler(ctx ssh.Context, password string) bool {
+	osUsername := ctx.User()
+	remoteAddr := ctx.RemoteAddr()
+	logger := s.getRequestLogger(ctx)
+
 	if err := s.ensureJWTValidator(); err != nil {
-		log.Errorf("JWT validator initialization failed for user %s from %s: %v", ctx.User(), ctx.RemoteAddr(), err)
+		logger.Errorf("JWT validator initialization failed: %v", err)
 		return false
 	}
 
 	token, err := s.validateJWTToken(password)
 	if err != nil {
-		log.Warnf("JWT authentication failed for user %s from %s: %v", ctx.User(), ctx.RemoteAddr(), err)
+		logger.Warnf("JWT authentication failed: %v", err)
 		return false
 	}
 
 	userAuth, err := s.extractAndValidateUser(token)
 	if err != nil {
-		log.Warnf("User validation failed for user %s from %s: %v", ctx.User(), ctx.RemoteAddr(), err)
+		logger.Warnf("user validation failed: %v", err)
 		return false
 	}
 
-	key := newAuthKey(ctx.User(), ctx.RemoteAddr())
+	logger = logger.WithField("jwt_user", userAuth.UserId)
+
+	s.mu.RLock()
+	authorizer := s.authorizer
+	s.mu.RUnlock()
+
+	msg, err := authorizer.Authorize(userAuth.UserId, osUsername)
+	if err != nil {
+		logger.Warnf("SSH auth denied: %v", err)
+		return false
+	}
+
+	logger.Infof("SSH auth %s", msg)
+
+	key := newAuthKey(osUsername, remoteAddr)
+	remoteAddrStr := ctx.RemoteAddr().String()
 	s.mu.Lock()
 	s.pendingAuthJWT[key] = userAuth.UserId
+	s.connections[connKey(remoteAddrStr)] = &connState{
+		username:    ctx.User(),
+		remoteAddr:  ctx.RemoteAddr(),
+		jwtUsername: userAuth.UserId,
+	}
 	s.mu.Unlock()
 
-	log.Infof("JWT authentication successful for user %s (JWT user ID: %s) from %s", ctx.User(), userAuth.UserId, ctx.RemoteAddr())
 	return true
 }
 
-func (s *Server) markConnectionActivePortForward(sshConn *cryptossh.ServerConn, username, remoteAddr string) {
+func (s *Server) addConnectionPortForward(username string, remoteAddr net.Addr, forwardAddr string) {
 	s.mu.Lock()
 	defer s.mu.Unlock()
 
-	if state, exists := s.sshConnections[sshConn]; exists {
-		state.hasActivePortForward = true
-	} else {
-		s.sshConnections[sshConn] = &sshConnectionState{
-			hasActivePortForward: true,
-			username:             username,
-			remoteAddr:           remoteAddr,
+	key := connKey(remoteAddr.String())
+	if state, exists := s.connections[key]; exists {
+		if !slices.Contains(state.portForwards, forwardAddr) {
+			state.portForwards = append(state.portForwards, forwardAddr)
 		}
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Connection not in connections (non-JWT auth path)
+	s.connections[key] = &connState{
+		username:     username,
+		remoteAddr:   remoteAddr,
+		portForwards: []string{forwardAddr},
+		jwtUsername:  s.pendingAuthJWT[newAuthKey(username, remoteAddr)],
 	}
 }
 
-func (s *Server) connectionCloseHandler(conn net.Conn, err error) {
-	// We can't extract the SSH connection from net.Conn directly
-	// Connection cleanup will happen during session cleanup or via timeout
-	log.Debugf("SSH connection failed for %s: %v", conn.RemoteAddr(), err)
+func (s *Server) removeConnectionPortForward(remoteAddr net.Addr, forwardAddr string) {
+	s.mu.Lock()
+	defer s.mu.Unlock()
+
+	state, exists := s.connections[connKey(remoteAddr.String())]
+	if !exists {
+		return
+	}
+
+	state.portForwards = slices.DeleteFunc(state.portForwards, func(addr string) bool {
+		return addr == forwardAddr
+	})
 }
 
-func (s *Server) findSessionKeyByContext(ctx ssh.Context) SessionKey {
+// trackedConn wraps a net.Conn to detect when it closes
+type trackedConn struct {
+	net.Conn
+	server     *Server
+	remoteAddr string
+	onceClose  sync.Once
+}
+
+func (c *trackedConn) Close() error {
+	err := c.Conn.Close()
+	c.onceClose.Do(func() {
+		c.server.handleConnectionClose(c.remoteAddr)
+	})
+	return err
+}
+
+func (s *Server) handleConnectionClose(remoteAddr string) {
+	s.mu.Lock()
+	defer s.mu.Unlock()
+
+	key := connKey(remoteAddr)
+	state, exists := s.connections[key]
+	if exists && len(state.portForwards) > 0 {
+		s.connLogger(state).Info("port forwarding connection closed")
+	}
+	delete(s.connections, key)
+}
+
+func (s *Server) connLogger(state *connState) *log.Entry {
+	logger := log.WithField("session", fmt.Sprintf("%s@%s", state.username, state.remoteAddr))
+	if state.jwtUsername != "" {
+		logger = logger.WithField("jwt_user", state.jwtUsername)
+	}
+	return logger
+}
+
+func (s *Server) findSessionKeyByContext(ctx ssh.Context) sessionKey {
 	if ctx == nil {
 		return "unknown"
 	}
 
-	// Try to match by SSH connection
 	sshConn := ctx.Value(ssh.ContextKeyConn)
 	if sshConn == nil {
 		return "unknown"
@@ -554,19 +726,14 @@ func (s *Server) findSessionKeyByContext(ctx ssh.Context) SessionKey {
 	s.mu.RLock()
 	defer s.mu.RUnlock()
 
-	// Look through sessions to find one with matching connection
-	for sessionKey, session := range s.sessions {
-		if session.Context().Value(ssh.ContextKeyConn) == sshConn {
+	for sessionKey, state := range s.sessions {
+		if state.session.Context().Value(ssh.ContextKeyConn) == sshConn {
 			return sessionKey
 		}
 	}
 
-	// If no session found, this might be during early connection setup
-	// Return a temporary key that we'll fix up later
 	if ctx.User() != "" && ctx.RemoteAddr() != nil {
-		tempKey := SessionKey(fmt.Sprintf("%s@%s", ctx.User(), ctx.RemoteAddr().String()))
-		log.Debugf("Using temporary session key for early port forward tracking: %s (will be updated when session established)", tempKey)
-		return tempKey
+		return sessionKey(fmt.Sprintf("%s@%s", ctx.User(), ctx.RemoteAddr().String()))
 	}
 
 	return "unknown"
@@ -607,7 +774,11 @@ func (s *Server) connectionValidator(_ ssh.Context, conn net.Conn) net.Conn {
 	}
 
 	log.Infof("SSH connection from NetBird peer %s allowed", tcpAddr)
-	return conn
+	return &trackedConn{
+		Conn:       conn,
+		server:     s,
+		remoteAddr: conn.RemoteAddr().String(),
+	}
 }
 
 func (s *Server) createSSHServer(addr net.Addr) (*ssh.Server, error) {
@@ -635,9 +806,8 @@ func (s *Server) createSSHServer(addr net.Addr) (*ssh.Server, error) {
 			"tcpip-forward":        s.tcpipForwardHandler,
 			"cancel-tcpip-forward": s.cancelTcpipForwardHandler,
 		},
-		ConnCallback:             s.connectionValidator,
-		ConnectionFailedCallback: s.connectionCloseHandler,
-		Version:                  serverVersion,
+		ConnCallback: s.connectionValidator,
+		Version:      serverVersion,
 	}
 
 	if s.jwtEnabled {
@@ -653,13 +823,13 @@ func (s *Server) createSSHServer(addr net.Addr) (*ssh.Server, error) {
 	return server, nil
 }
 
-func (s *Server) storeRemoteForwardListener(key ForwardKey, ln net.Listener) {
+func (s *Server) storeRemoteForwardListener(key forwardKey, ln net.Listener) {
 	s.mu.Lock()
 	defer s.mu.Unlock()
 	s.remoteForwardListeners[key] = ln
 }
 
-func (s *Server) removeRemoteForwardListener(key ForwardKey) bool {
+func (s *Server) removeRemoteForwardListener(key forwardKey) bool {
 	s.mu.Lock()
 	defer s.mu.Unlock()
 
@@ -677,6 +847,8 @@ func (s *Server) removeRemoteForwardListener(key ForwardKey) bool {
 }
 
 func (s *Server) directTCPIPHandler(srv *ssh.Server, conn *cryptossh.ServerConn, newChan cryptossh.NewChannel, ctx ssh.Context) {
+	logger := s.getRequestLogger(ctx)
+
 	var payload struct {
 		Host           string
 		Port           uint32
@@ -686,7 +858,7 @@ func (s *Server) directTCPIPHandler(srv *ssh.Server, conn *cryptossh.ServerConn,
 
 	if err := cryptossh.Unmarshal(newChan.ExtraData(), &payload); err != nil {
 		if err := newChan.Reject(cryptossh.ConnectionFailed, "parse payload"); err != nil {
-			log.Debugf("channel reject error: %v", err)
+			logger.Debugf("channel reject error: %v", err)
 		}
 		return
 	}
@@ -696,19 +868,20 @@ func (s *Server) directTCPIPHandler(srv *ssh.Server, conn *cryptossh.ServerConn,
 	s.mu.RUnlock()
 
 	if !allowLocal {
-		log.Warnf("local port forwarding denied for %s:%d: disabled by configuration", payload.Host, payload.Port)
+		logger.Warnf("local port forwarding denied for %s:%d: disabled", payload.Host, payload.Port)
 		_ = newChan.Reject(cryptossh.Prohibited, "local port forwarding disabled")
 		return
 	}
 
-	// Check privilege requirements for the destination port
 	if err := s.checkPortForwardingPrivileges(ctx, "local", payload.Port); err != nil {
-		log.Warnf("local port forwarding denied for %s:%d: %v", payload.Host, payload.Port, err)
+		logger.Warnf("local port forwarding denied for %s:%d: %v", payload.Host, payload.Port, err)
 		_ = newChan.Reject(cryptossh.Prohibited, "insufficient privileges")
 		return
 	}
 
-	log.Infof("local port forwarding: %s:%d", payload.Host, payload.Port)
+	forwardAddr := fmt.Sprintf("-L %s:%d", payload.Host, payload.Port)
+	s.addConnectionPortForward(ctx.User(), ctx.RemoteAddr(), forwardAddr)
+	logger.Infof("local port forwarding: %s:%d", payload.Host, payload.Port)
 
 	ssh.DirectTCPIPHandler(srv, conn, newChan, ctx)
 }

client/ssh/server/server_config_test.go

@@ -224,6 +224,96 @@ func TestServer_PortForwardingRestriction(t *testing.T) {
 	}
 }
 
+func TestServer_PrivilegedPortAccess(t *testing.T) {
+	hostKey, err := ssh.GeneratePrivateKey(ssh.ED25519)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	serverConfig := &Config{
+		HostKeyPEM: hostKey,
+	}
+	server := New(serverConfig)
+	server.SetAllowRemotePortForwarding(true)
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		name          string
+		forwardType   string
+		port          uint32
+		username      string
+		expectError   bool
+		errorMsg      string
+		skipOnWindows bool
+	}{
+		{
+			name:          "non-root user remote forward privileged port",
+			forwardType:   "remote",
+			port:          80,
+			username:      "testuser",
+			expectError:   true,
+			errorMsg:      "cannot bind to privileged port",
+			skipOnWindows: true,
+		},
+		{
+			name:          "non-root user tcpip-forward privileged port",
+			forwardType:   "tcpip-forward",
+			port:          443,
+			username:      "testuser",
+			expectError:   true,
+			errorMsg:      "cannot bind to privileged port",
+			skipOnWindows: true,
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "non-root user remote forward unprivileged port",
+			forwardType: "remote",
+			port:        8080,
+			username:    "testuser",
+			expectError: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "non-root user remote forward port 0",
+			forwardType: "remote",
+			port:        0,
+			username:    "testuser",
+			expectError: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "root user remote forward privileged port",
+			forwardType: "remote",
+			port:        22,
+			username:    "root",
+			expectError: false,
+		},
+		{
+			name:        "local forward privileged port allowed for non-root",
+			forwardType: "local",
+			port:        80,
+			username:    "testuser",
+			expectError: false,
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			if tt.skipOnWindows && runtime.GOOS == "windows" {
+				t.Skip("Windows does not have privileged port restrictions")
+			}
+
+			result := PrivilegeCheckResult{
+				Allowed: true,
+				User:    &user.User{Username: tt.username},
+			}
+
+			err := server.checkPrivilegedPortAccess(tt.forwardType, tt.port, result)
+
+			if tt.expectError {
+				require.Error(t, err)
+				assert.Contains(t, err.Error(), tt.errorMsg)
+			} else {
+				require.NoError(t, err)
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}
+
 func TestServer_PortConflictHandling(t *testing.T) {
 	// Test that multiple sessions requesting the same local port are handled naturally by the OS
 	// Get current user for SSH connection
@@ -392,3 +482,95 @@ func TestServer_IsPrivilegedUser(t *testing.T) {
 		})
 	}
 }
+
+func TestServer_PortForwardingOnlySession(t *testing.T) {
+	// Test that sessions without PTY and command are allowed when port forwarding is enabled
+	currentUser, err := user.Current()
+	require.NoError(t, err, "Should be able to get current user")
+
+	// Generate host key for server
+	hostKey, err := ssh.GeneratePrivateKey(ssh.ED25519)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	tests := []struct {
+		name                  string
+		allowLocalForwarding  bool
+		allowRemoteForwarding bool
+		expectAllowed         bool
+		description           string
+	}{
+		{
+			name:                  "session_allowed_with_local_forwarding",
+			allowLocalForwarding:  true,
+			allowRemoteForwarding: false,
+			expectAllowed:         true,
+			description:           "Port-forwarding-only session should be allowed when local forwarding is enabled",
+		},
+		{
+			name:                  "session_allowed_with_remote_forwarding",
+			allowLocalForwarding:  false,
+			allowRemoteForwarding: true,
+			expectAllowed:         true,
+			description:           "Port-forwarding-only session should be allowed when remote forwarding is enabled",
+		},
+		{
+			name:                  "session_allowed_with_both",
+			allowLocalForwarding:  true,
+			allowRemoteForwarding: true,
+			expectAllowed:         true,
+			description:           "Port-forwarding-only session should be allowed when both forwarding types enabled",
+		},
+		{
+			name:                  "session_denied_without_forwarding",
+			allowLocalForwarding:  false,
+			allowRemoteForwarding: false,
+			expectAllowed:         false,
+			description:           "Port-forwarding-only session should be denied when all forwarding is disabled",
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			serverConfig := &Config{
+				HostKeyPEM: hostKey,
+				JWT:        nil,
+			}
+			server := New(serverConfig)
+			server.SetAllowRootLogin(true)
+			server.SetAllowLocalPortForwarding(tt.allowLocalForwarding)
+			server.SetAllowRemotePortForwarding(tt.allowRemoteForwarding)
+
+			serverAddr := StartTestServer(t, server)
+			defer func() {
+				_ = server.Stop()
+			}()
+
+			// Connect to the server without requesting PTY or command
+			ctx, cancel := context.WithTimeout(context.Background(), 5*time.Second)
+			defer cancel()
+
+			client, err := sshclient.Dial(ctx, serverAddr, currentUser.Username, sshclient.DialOptions{
+				InsecureSkipVerify: true,
+			})
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+			defer func() {
+				_ = client.Close()
+			}()
+
+			// Execute a command without PTY - this simulates ssh -T with no command
+			// The server should either allow it (port forwarding enabled) or reject it
+			output, err := client.ExecuteCommand(ctx, "")
+			if tt.expectAllowed {
+				// When allowed, the session stays open until cancelled
+				// ExecuteCommand with empty command should return without error
+				assert.NoError(t, err, "Session should be allowed when port forwarding is enabled")
+				assert.NotContains(t, output, "port forwarding is disabled",
+					"Output should not contain port forwarding disabled message")
+			} else if err != nil {
+				// When denied, we expect an error message about port forwarding being disabled
+				assert.Contains(t, err.Error(), "port forwarding is disabled",
+					"Should get port forwarding disabled message")
+			}
+		})
+	}
+}

client/ssh/server/session_handlers.go

@@ -6,37 +6,45 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
-	"strings"
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/gliderlabs/ssh"
 	log "github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
-	cryptossh "golang.org/x/crypto/ssh"
 )
 
+// associateJWTUsername extracts pending JWT username for the session and associates it with the session state.
+// Returns the JWT username (empty if none) for logging purposes.
+func (s *Server) associateJWTUsername(sess ssh.Session, sessionKey sessionKey) string {
+	key := newAuthKey(sess.User(), sess.RemoteAddr())
+
+	s.mu.Lock()
+	defer s.mu.Unlock()
+
+	jwtUsername := s.pendingAuthJWT[key]
+	if jwtUsername == "" {
+		return ""
+	}
+
+	if state, exists := s.sessions[sessionKey]; exists {
+		state.jwtUsername = jwtUsername
+	}
+	delete(s.pendingAuthJWT, key)
+	return jwtUsername
+}
+
 // sessionHandler handles SSH sessions
 func (s *Server) sessionHandler(session ssh.Session) {
-	sessionKey := s.registerSession(session)
-
-	key := newAuthKey(session.User(), session.RemoteAddr())
-	s.mu.Lock()
-	jwtUsername := s.pendingAuthJWT[key]
-	if jwtUsername != "" {
-		s.sessionJWTUsers[sessionKey] = jwtUsername
-		delete(s.pendingAuthJWT, key)
-	}
-	s.mu.Unlock()
+	sessionKey := s.registerSession(session, "")
+	jwtUsername := s.associateJWTUsername(session, sessionKey)
 
 	logger := log.WithField("session", sessionKey)
 	if jwtUsername != "" {
 		logger = logger.WithField("jwt_user", jwtUsername)
-		logger.Infof("SSH session started (JWT user: %s)", jwtUsername)
-	} else {
-		logger.Infof("SSH session started")
 	}
+	logger.Info("SSH session started")
 	sessionStart := time.Now()
 
-	defer s.unregisterSession(sessionKey, session)
+	defer s.unregisterSession(sessionKey)
 	defer func() {
 		duration := time.Since(sessionStart).Round(time.Millisecond)
 		if err := session.Close(); err != nil && !errors.Is(err, io.EOF) {
@@ -65,27 +73,52 @@ func (s *Server) sessionHandler(session ssh.Session) {
 		// ssh <host> <cmd> - non-Pty command execution
 		s.handleCommand(logger, session, privilegeResult, nil)
 	default:
-		s.rejectInvalidSession(logger, session)
+		// ssh -T (or ssh -N) - no PTY, no command
+		s.handleNonInteractiveSession(logger, session)
 	}
 }
 
-func (s *Server) rejectInvalidSession(logger *log.Entry, session ssh.Session) {
-	if _, err := io.WriteString(session, "no command specified and Pty not requested\n"); err != nil {
-		logger.Debugf(errWriteSession, err)
+// handleNonInteractiveSession handles sessions that have no PTY and no command.
+// These are typically used for port forwarding (ssh -L/-R) or tunneling (ssh -N).
+func (s *Server) handleNonInteractiveSession(logger *log.Entry, session ssh.Session) {
+	s.updateSessionType(session, cmdNonInteractive)
+
+	if !s.isPortForwardingEnabled() {
+		if _, err := io.WriteString(session, "port forwarding is disabled on this server\n"); err != nil {
+			logger.Debugf(errWriteSession, err)
+		}
+		if err := session.Exit(1); err != nil {
+			logSessionExitError(logger, err)
+		}
+		logger.Infof("rejected non-interactive session: port forwarding disabled")
+		return
 	}
-	if err := session.Exit(1); err != nil {
+
+	<-session.Context().Done()
+
+	if err := session.Exit(0); err != nil {
 		logSessionExitError(logger, err)
 	}
-	logger.Infof("rejected non-Pty session without command from %s", session.RemoteAddr())
 }
 
-func (s *Server) registerSession(session ssh.Session) SessionKey {
+func (s *Server) updateSessionType(session ssh.Session, sessionType string) {
+	s.mu.Lock()
+	defer s.mu.Unlock()
+
+	for _, state := range s.sessions {
+		if state.session == session {
+			state.sessionType = sessionType
+			return
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+func (s *Server) registerSession(session ssh.Session, sessionType string) sessionKey {
 	sessionID := session.Context().Value(ssh.ContextKeySessionID)
 	if sessionID == nil {
 		sessionID = fmt.Sprintf("%p", session)
 	}
 
-	// Create a short 4-byte identifier from the full session ID
 	hasher := sha256.New()
 	hasher.Write([]byte(fmt.Sprintf("%v", sessionID)))
 	hash := hasher.Sum(nil)
@@ -93,43 +126,23 @@ func (s *Server) registerSession(session ssh.Session) SessionKey {
 
 	remoteAddr := session.RemoteAddr().String()
 	username := session.User()
-	sessionKey := SessionKey(fmt.Sprintf("%s@%s-%s", username, remoteAddr, shortID))
+	sessionKey := sessionKey(fmt.Sprintf("%s@%s-%s", username, remoteAddr, shortID))
 
 	s.mu.Lock()
-	s.sessions[sessionKey] = session
+	s.sessions[sessionKey] = &sessionState{
+		session:     session,
+		sessionType: sessionType,
+	}
 	s.mu.Unlock()
 
 	return sessionKey
 }
 
-func (s *Server) unregisterSession(sessionKey SessionKey, session ssh.Session) {
+func (s *Server) unregisterSession(sessionKey sessionKey) {
 	s.mu.Lock()
+	defer s.mu.Unlock()
+
 	delete(s.sessions, sessionKey)
-	delete(s.sessionJWTUsers, sessionKey)
-
-	// Cancel all port forwarding connections for this session
-	var connectionsToCancel []ConnectionKey
-	for key := range s.sessionCancels {
-		if strings.HasPrefix(string(key), string(sessionKey)+"-") {
-			connectionsToCancel = append(connectionsToCancel, key)
-		}
-	}
-
-	for _, key := range connectionsToCancel {
-		if cancelFunc, exists := s.sessionCancels[key]; exists {
-			log.WithField("session", sessionKey).Debugf("cancelling port forwarding context: %s", key)
-			cancelFunc()
-			delete(s.sessionCancels, key)
-		}
-	}
-
-	if sshConnValue := session.Context().Value(ssh.ContextKeyConn); sshConnValue != nil {
-		if sshConn, ok := sshConnValue.(*cryptossh.ServerConn); ok {
-			delete(s.sshConnections, sshConn)
-		}
-	}
-
-	s.mu.Unlock()
 }
 
 func (s *Server) handlePrivError(logger *log.Entry, session ssh.Session, err error) {

client/ssh/server/sftp.go

@@ -18,14 +18,26 @@ func (s *Server) SetAllowSFTP(allow bool) {
 
 // sftpSubsystemHandler handles SFTP subsystem requests
 func (s *Server) sftpSubsystemHandler(sess ssh.Session) {
+	sessionKey := s.registerSession(sess, cmdSFTP)
+	defer s.unregisterSession(sessionKey)
+
+	jwtUsername := s.associateJWTUsername(sess, sessionKey)
+
+	logger := log.WithField("session", sessionKey)
+	if jwtUsername != "" {
+		logger = logger.WithField("jwt_user", jwtUsername)
+	}
+	logger.Info("SFTP session started")
+	defer logger.Info("SFTP session closed")
+
 	s.mu.RLock()
 	allowSFTP := s.allowSFTP
 	s.mu.RUnlock()
 
 	if !allowSFTP {
-		log.Debugf("SFTP subsystem request denied: SFTP disabled")
+		logger.Debug("SFTP subsystem request denied: SFTP disabled")
 		if err := sess.Exit(1); err != nil {
-			log.Debugf("SFTP session exit failed: %v", err)
+			logger.Debugf("SFTP session exit: %v", err)
 		}
 		return
 	}
@@ -37,31 +49,27 @@ func (s *Server) sftpSubsystemHandler(sess ssh.Session) {
 	})
 
 	if !result.Allowed {
-		log.Warnf("SFTP access denied for user %s from %s: %v", sess.User(), sess.RemoteAddr(), result.Error)
+		logger.Warnf("SFTP access denied: %v", result.Error)
 		if err := sess.Exit(1); err != nil {
-			log.Debugf("exit SFTP session: %v", err)
+			logger.Debugf("exit SFTP session: %v", err)
 		}
 		return
 	}
 
-	log.Debugf("SFTP subsystem request from user %s (effective user %s)", sess.User(), result.User.Username)
-
 	if !result.RequiresUserSwitching {
 		if err := s.executeSftpDirect(sess); err != nil {
-			log.Errorf("SFTP direct execution: %v", err)
+			logger.Errorf("SFTP direct execution: %v", err)
 		}
 		return
 	}
 
 	if err := s.executeSftpWithPrivilegeDrop(sess, result.User); err != nil {
-		log.Errorf("SFTP privilege drop execution: %v", err)
+		logger.Errorf("SFTP privilege drop execution: %v", err)
 	}
 }
 
 // executeSftpDirect executes SFTP directly without privilege dropping
 func (s *Server) executeSftpDirect(sess ssh.Session) error {
-	log.Debugf("starting SFTP session for user %s (no privilege dropping)", sess.User())
-
 	sftpServer, err := sftp.NewServer(sess)
 	if err != nil {
 		return fmt.Errorf("SFTP server creation: %w", err)

client/ssh/server/test.go

@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ package server
 import (
 	"context"
 	"fmt"
-	"net"
 	"net/netip"
 	"testing"
 	"time"
@@ -14,23 +13,21 @@ func StartTestServer(t *testing.T, server *Server) string {
 	errChan := make(chan error, 1)
 
 	go func() {
-		ln, err := net.Listen("tcp", "127.0.0.1:0")
-		if err != nil {
-			errChan <- err
-			return
-		}
-		actualAddr := ln.Addr().String()
-		if err := ln.Close(); err != nil {
-			errChan <- fmt.Errorf("close temp listener: %w", err)
-			return
-		}
-
-		addrPort := netip.MustParseAddrPort(actualAddr)
+		// Use port 0 to let the OS assign a free port
+		addrPort := netip.MustParseAddrPort("127.0.0.1:0")
 		if err := server.Start(context.Background(), addrPort); err != nil {
 			errChan <- err
 			return
 		}
-		started <- actualAddr
+
+		// Get the actual listening address from the server
+		actualAddr := server.Addr()
+		if actualAddr == nil {
+			errChan <- fmt.Errorf("server started but no listener address available")
+			return
+		}
+
+		started <- actualAddr.String()
 	}()
 
 	select {

client/status/status.go

@@ -82,10 +82,11 @@ type NsServerGroupStateOutput struct {
 }
 
 type SSHSessionOutput struct {
-	Username      string `json:"username" yaml:"username"`
-	RemoteAddress string `json:"remoteAddress" yaml:"remoteAddress"`
-	Command       string `json:"command" yaml:"command"`
-	JWTUsername   string `json:"jwtUsername,omitempty" yaml:"jwtUsername,omitempty"`
+	Username      string   `json:"username" yaml:"username"`
+	RemoteAddress string   `json:"remoteAddress" yaml:"remoteAddress"`
+	Command       string   `json:"command" yaml:"command"`
+	JWTUsername   string   `json:"jwtUsername,omitempty" yaml:"jwtUsername,omitempty"`
+	PortForwards  []string `json:"portForwards,omitempty" yaml:"portForwards,omitempty"`
 }
 
 type SSHServerStateOutput struct {
@@ -220,6 +221,7 @@ func mapSSHServer(sshServerState *proto.SSHServerState) SSHServerStateOutput {
 			RemoteAddress: session.GetRemoteAddress(),
 			Command:       session.GetCommand(),
 			JWTUsername:   session.GetJwtUsername(),
+			PortForwards:  session.GetPortForwards(),
 		})
 	}
 
@@ -475,6 +477,9 @@ func ParseGeneralSummary(overview OutputOverview, showURL bool, showRelays bool,
 					)
 				}
 				sshServerStatus += "\n  " + sessionDisplay
+				for _, pf := range session.PortForwards {
+					sshServerStatus += "\n    " + pf
+				}
 			}
 		}
 	}

client/system/info_android.go

@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-//go:build android
-// +build android
-
 package system
 
 import (

client/system/info_darwin.go

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 //go:build !ios
-// +build !ios
 
 package system
 

client/system/info_ios.go

@@ -1,6 +1,3 @@
-//go:build ios
-// +build ios
-
 package system
 
 import (

client/ui/client_ui.go

@@ -510,7 +510,7 @@ func (s *serviceClient) saveSettings() {
 		// Continue with default behavior if features can't be retrieved
 	} else if features != nil && features.DisableUpdateSettings {
 		log.Warn("Configuration updates are disabled by daemon")
-		dialog.ShowError(fmt.Errorf("Configuration updates are disabled by daemon"), s.wSettings)
+		dialog.ShowError(fmt.Errorf("configuration updates are disabled by daemon"), s.wSettings)
 		return
 	}
 
@@ -540,7 +540,7 @@ func (s *serviceClient) saveSettings() {
 func (s *serviceClient) validateSettings() error {
 	if s.iPreSharedKey.Text != "" && s.iPreSharedKey.Text != censoredPreSharedKey {
 		if _, err := wgtypes.ParseKey(s.iPreSharedKey.Text); err != nil {
-			return fmt.Errorf("Invalid Pre-shared Key Value")
+			return fmt.Errorf("invalid pre-shared key value")
 		}
 	}
 	return nil
@@ -549,10 +549,10 @@ func (s *serviceClient) validateSettings() error {
 func (s *serviceClient) parseNumericSettings() (int64, int64, error) {
 	port, err := strconv.ParseInt(s.iInterfacePort.Text, 10, 64)
 	if err != nil {
-		return 0, 0, errors.New("Invalid interface port")
+		return 0, 0, errors.New("invalid interface port")
 	}
 	if port < 1 || port > 65535 {
-		return 0, 0, errors.New("Invalid interface port: out of range 1-65535")
+		return 0, 0, errors.New("invalid interface port: out of range 1-65535")
 	}
 
 	var mtu int64
@@ -560,7 +560,7 @@ func (s *serviceClient) parseNumericSettings() (int64, int64, error) {
 	if mtuText != "" {
 		mtu, err = strconv.ParseInt(mtuText, 10, 64)
 		if err != nil {
-			return 0, 0, errors.New("Invalid MTU value")
+			return 0, 0, errors.New("invalid MTU value")
 		}
 		if mtu < iface.MinMTU || mtu > iface.MaxMTU {
 			return 0, 0, fmt.Errorf("MTU must be between %d and %d bytes", iface.MinMTU, iface.MaxMTU)
@@ -645,7 +645,7 @@ func (s *serviceClient) buildSetConfigRequest(iMngURL string, port, mtu int64) (
 	if sshJWTCacheTTLText != "" {
 		sshJWTCacheTTL, err := strconv.ParseInt(sshJWTCacheTTLText, 10, 32)
 		if err != nil {
-			return nil, errors.New("Invalid SSH JWT Cache TTL value")
+			return nil, errors.New("invalid SSH JWT Cache TTL value")
 		}
 		if sshJWTCacheTTL < 0 || sshJWTCacheTTL > maxSSHJWTCacheTTL {
 			return nil, fmt.Errorf("SSH JWT Cache TTL must be between 0 and %d seconds", maxSSHJWTCacheTTL)
@@ -909,7 +909,7 @@ func (s *serviceClient) updateStatus() error {
 		var systrayIconState bool
 
 		switch {
-		case status.Status == string(internal.StatusConnected) && !s.mUp.Disabled():
+		case status.Status == string(internal.StatusConnected) && !s.connected:
 			s.connected = true
 			s.sendNotification = true
 			if s.isUpdateIconActive {

client/ui/font_windows.go

@@ -31,7 +31,6 @@ func (s *serviceClient) getWindowsFontFilePath() string {
 			"chr-CHER-US": "Gadugi.ttf",
 			"zh-HK":       "Segoeui.ttf",
 			"zh-TW":       "Segoeui.ttf",
-			"ja-JP":       "Yugothm.ttc",
 			"km-KH":       "Leelawui.ttf",
 			"ko-KR":       "Malgun.ttf",
 			"th-TH":       "Leelawui.ttf",

client/ui/signal_windows.go

@@ -164,7 +164,7 @@ func sendShowWindowSignal(pid int32) error {
 
 	err = windows.SetEvent(eventHandle)
 	if err != nil {
-		return fmt.Errorf("Error setting event: %w", err)
+		return fmt.Errorf("error setting event: %w", err)
 	}
 
 	return nil

dns/dns.go

@@ -47,8 +47,8 @@ type CustomZone struct {
 	Records []SimpleRecord
 	// SearchDomainDisabled indicates whether to add match domains to a search domains list or not
 	SearchDomainDisabled bool
-	// SkipPTRProcess indicates whether a client should process PTR records from custom zones
-	SkipPTRProcess bool
+	// NonAuthoritative marks user-created zones
+	NonAuthoritative bool
 }
 
 // SimpleRecord provides a simple DNS record specification for CNAME, A and AAAA records

go.mod

@@ -1,6 +1,8 @@
 module github.com/netbirdio/netbird
 
-go 1.24.10
+go 1.25
+
+toolchain go1.25.5
 
 require (
 	cunicu.li/go-rosenpass v0.4.0
@@ -8,22 +10,22 @@ require (
 	github.com/cloudflare/circl v1.3.3 // indirect
 	github.com/golang/protobuf v1.5.4
 	github.com/google/uuid v1.6.0
-	github.com/gorilla/mux v1.8.0
+	github.com/gorilla/mux v1.8.1
 	github.com/kardianos/service v1.2.3-0.20240613133416-becf2eb62b83
 	github.com/onsi/ginkgo v1.16.5
 	github.com/onsi/gomega v1.27.6
 	github.com/rs/cors v1.8.0
 	github.com/sirupsen/logrus v1.9.3
-	github.com/spf13/cobra v1.7.0
-	github.com/spf13/pflag v1.0.5
+	github.com/spf13/cobra v1.10.1
+	github.com/spf13/pflag v1.0.9
 	github.com/vishvananda/netlink v1.3.1
-	golang.org/x/crypto v0.45.0
-	golang.org/x/sys v0.38.0
+	golang.org/x/crypto v0.46.0
+	golang.org/x/sys v0.39.0
 	golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard v0.0.0-20230704135630-469159ecf7d1
 	golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard/wgctrl v0.0.0-20230429144221-925a1e7659e6
 	golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard/windows v0.5.3
-	google.golang.org/grpc v1.73.0
-	google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.8
+	google.golang.org/grpc v1.77.0
+	google.golang.org/protobuf v1.36.10
 	gopkg.in/natefinch/lumberjack.v2 v2.0.0
 )
 
@@ -40,7 +42,9 @@ require (
 	github.com/cilium/ebpf v0.15.0
 	github.com/coder/websocket v1.8.13
 	github.com/coreos/go-iptables v0.7.0
-	github.com/creack/pty v1.1.18
+	github.com/creack/pty v1.1.24
+	github.com/dexidp/dex v0.0.0-00010101000000-000000000000
+	github.com/dexidp/dex/api/v2 v2.4.0
 	github.com/eko/gocache/lib/v4 v4.2.0
 	github.com/eko/gocache/store/go_cache/v4 v4.2.2
 	github.com/eko/gocache/store/redis/v4 v4.2.2
@@ -78,8 +82,8 @@ require (
 	github.com/pion/transport/v3 v3.0.7
 	github.com/pion/turn/v3 v3.0.1
 	github.com/pkg/sftp v1.13.9
-	github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.22.0
-	github.com/quic-go/quic-go v0.49.1
+	github.com/prometheus/client_golang v1.23.2
+	github.com/quic-go/quic-go v0.55.0
 	github.com/redis/go-redis/v9 v9.7.3
 	github.com/rs/xid v1.3.0
 	github.com/shirou/gopsutil/v3 v3.24.4
@@ -96,39 +100,44 @@ require (
 	github.com/vmihailenco/msgpack/v5 v5.4.1
 	github.com/yusufpapurcu/wmi v1.2.4
 	github.com/zcalusic/sysinfo v1.1.3
-	go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/google.golang.org/grpc/otelgrpc v0.49.0
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel v1.35.0
+	go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/google.golang.org/grpc/otelgrpc v0.61.0
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel v1.38.0
 	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/prometheus v0.48.0
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/metric v1.35.0
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk/metric v1.35.0
-	go.uber.org/mock v0.5.0
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/metric v1.38.0
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk/metric v1.38.0
+	go.uber.org/mock v0.5.2
 	go.uber.org/zap v1.27.0
 	goauthentik.io/api/v3 v3.2023051.3
 	golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20240506185415-9bf2ced13842
 	golang.org/x/mobile v0.0.0-20251113184115-a159579294ab
 	golang.org/x/mod v0.30.0
 	golang.org/x/net v0.47.0
-	golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.30.0
-	golang.org/x/sync v0.18.0
-	golang.org/x/term v0.37.0
-	golang.org/x/time v0.12.0
-	google.golang.org/api v0.177.0
+	golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.34.0
+	golang.org/x/sync v0.19.0
+	golang.org/x/term v0.38.0
+	golang.org/x/time v0.14.0
+	google.golang.org/api v0.257.0
 	gopkg.in/yaml.v3 v3.0.1
 	gorm.io/driver/mysql v1.5.7
 	gorm.io/driver/postgres v1.5.7
 	gorm.io/driver/sqlite v1.5.7
 	gorm.io/gorm v1.25.12
-	gvisor.dev/gvisor v0.0.0-20231020174304-b8a429915ff1
+	gvisor.dev/gvisor v0.0.0-20251031020517-ecfcdd2f171c
 )
 
 require (
-	cloud.google.com/go/auth v0.3.0 // indirect
-	cloud.google.com/go/auth/oauth2adapt v0.2.2 // indirect
-	cloud.google.com/go/compute/metadata v0.6.0 // indirect
-	dario.cat/mergo v1.0.0 // indirect
+	cloud.google.com/go/auth v0.17.0 // indirect
+	cloud.google.com/go/auth/oauth2adapt v0.2.8 // indirect
+	cloud.google.com/go/compute/metadata v0.9.0 // indirect
+	dario.cat/mergo v1.0.1 // indirect
 	filippo.io/edwards25519 v1.1.0 // indirect
+	github.com/AppsFlyer/go-sundheit v0.6.0 // indirect
 	github.com/Azure/go-ansiterm v0.0.0-20230124172434-306776ec8161 // indirect
+	github.com/Azure/go-ntlmssp v0.0.0-20221128193559-754e69321358 // indirect
 	github.com/BurntSushi/toml v1.5.0 // indirect
+	github.com/Masterminds/goutils v1.1.1 // indirect
+	github.com/Masterminds/semver/v3 v3.3.0 // indirect
+	github.com/Masterminds/sprig/v3 v3.3.0 // indirect
 	github.com/Microsoft/go-winio v0.6.2 // indirect
 	github.com/Microsoft/hcsshim v0.12.3 // indirect
 	github.com/anmitsu/go-shlex v0.0.0-20200514113438-38f4b401e2be // indirect
@@ -149,12 +158,14 @@ require (
 	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/ssooidc v1.30.1 // indirect
 	github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/sts v1.33.19 // indirect
 	github.com/aws/smithy-go v1.22.2 // indirect
+	github.com/beevik/etree v1.6.0 // indirect
 	github.com/beorn7/perks v1.0.1 // indirect
 	github.com/caddyserver/zerossl v0.1.3 // indirect
 	github.com/cespare/xxhash/v2 v2.3.0 // indirect
 	github.com/containerd/containerd v1.7.29 // indirect
 	github.com/containerd/log v0.1.0 // indirect
 	github.com/containerd/platforms v0.2.1 // indirect
+	github.com/coreos/go-oidc/v3 v3.14.1 // indirect
 	github.com/cpuguy83/dockercfg v0.3.2 // indirect
 	github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1 // indirect
 	github.com/dgryski/go-rendezvous v0.0.0-20200823014737-9f7001d12a5f // indirect
@@ -168,26 +179,28 @@ require (
 	github.com/fyne-io/glfw-js v0.3.0 // indirect
 	github.com/fyne-io/image v0.1.1 // indirect
 	github.com/fyne-io/oksvg v0.2.0 // indirect
+	github.com/go-asn1-ber/asn1-ber v1.5.8-0.20250403174932-29230038a667 // indirect
 	github.com/go-gl/gl v0.0.0-20231021071112-07e5d0ea2e71 // indirect
 	github.com/go-gl/glfw/v3.3/glfw v0.0.0-20240506104042-037f3cc74f2a // indirect
-	github.com/go-logr/logr v1.4.2 // indirect
+	github.com/go-jose/go-jose/v4 v4.1.3 // indirect
+	github.com/go-ldap/ldap/v3 v3.4.12 // indirect
+	github.com/go-logr/logr v1.4.3 // indirect
 	github.com/go-logr/stdr v1.2.2 // indirect
 	github.com/go-ole/go-ole v1.3.0 // indirect
-	github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql v1.8.1 // indirect
-	github.com/go-task/slim-sprig v0.0.0-20230315185526-52ccab3ef572 // indirect
+	github.com/go-sql-driver/mysql v1.9.3 // indirect
 	github.com/go-text/render v0.2.0 // indirect
 	github.com/go-text/typesetting v0.2.1 // indirect
 	github.com/gogo/protobuf v1.3.2 // indirect
-	github.com/golang/groupcache v0.0.0-20210331224755-41bb18bfe9da // indirect
 	github.com/google/btree v1.1.2 // indirect
-	github.com/google/pprof v0.0.0-20211214055906-6f57359322fd // indirect
-	github.com/google/s2a-go v0.1.7 // indirect
-	github.com/googleapis/enterprise-certificate-proxy v0.3.2 // indirect
-	github.com/googleapis/gax-go/v2 v2.12.3 // indirect
+	github.com/google/s2a-go v0.1.9 // indirect
+	github.com/googleapis/enterprise-certificate-proxy v0.3.7 // indirect
+	github.com/googleapis/gax-go/v2 v2.15.0 // indirect
+	github.com/gorilla/handlers v1.5.2 // indirect
 	github.com/hack-pad/go-indexeddb v0.3.2 // indirect
 	github.com/hack-pad/safejs v0.1.0 // indirect
 	github.com/hashicorp/errwrap v1.1.0 // indirect
 	github.com/hashicorp/go-uuid v1.0.3 // indirect
+	github.com/huandu/xstrings v1.5.0 // indirect
 	github.com/inconshreveable/mousetrap v1.1.0 // indirect
 	github.com/jackc/pgpassfile v1.0.0 // indirect
 	github.com/jackc/pgservicefile v0.0.0-20221227161230-091c0ba34f0a // indirect
@@ -196,18 +209,23 @@ require (
 	github.com/jinzhu/inflection v1.0.0 // indirect
 	github.com/jinzhu/now v1.1.5 // indirect
 	github.com/jmespath/go-jmespath v0.4.0 // indirect
+	github.com/jonboulle/clockwork v0.5.0 // indirect
 	github.com/jsummers/gobmp v0.0.0-20230614200233-a9de23ed2e25 // indirect
 	github.com/kelseyhightower/envconfig v1.4.0 // indirect
 	github.com/klauspost/compress v1.18.0 // indirect
 	github.com/klauspost/cpuid/v2 v2.2.7 // indirect
 	github.com/kr/fs v0.1.0 // indirect
+	github.com/lib/pq v1.10.9 // indirect
 	github.com/libdns/libdns v0.2.2 // indirect
 	github.com/lufia/plan9stats v0.0.0-20240513124658-fba389f38bae // indirect
 	github.com/magiconair/properties v1.8.7 // indirect
-	github.com/mattn/go-sqlite3 v1.14.22 // indirect
+	github.com/mattermost/xml-roundtrip-validator v0.1.0 // indirect
+	github.com/mattn/go-sqlite3 v1.14.32 // indirect
 	github.com/mdlayher/genetlink v1.3.2 // indirect
 	github.com/mdlayher/netlink v1.7.3-0.20250113171957-fbb4dce95f42 // indirect
 	github.com/mholt/acmez/v2 v2.0.1 // indirect
+	github.com/mitchellh/copystructure v1.2.0 // indirect
+	github.com/mitchellh/reflectwalk v1.0.2 // indirect
 	github.com/moby/docker-image-spec v1.3.1 // indirect
 	github.com/moby/patternmatcher v0.6.0 // indirect
 	github.com/moby/sys/sequential v0.5.0 // indirect
@@ -230,11 +248,14 @@ require (
 	github.com/pkg/errors v0.9.1 // indirect
 	github.com/pmezard/go-difflib v1.0.0 // indirect
 	github.com/power-devops/perfstat v0.0.0-20240221224432-82ca36839d55 // indirect
-	github.com/prometheus/client_model v0.6.1 // indirect
-	github.com/prometheus/common v0.62.0 // indirect
-	github.com/prometheus/procfs v0.15.1 // indirect
+	github.com/prometheus/client_model v0.6.2 // indirect
+	github.com/prometheus/common v0.66.1 // indirect
+	github.com/prometheus/procfs v0.16.1 // indirect
+	github.com/russellhaering/goxmldsig v1.5.0 // indirect
 	github.com/rymdport/portal v0.4.2 // indirect
 	github.com/shoenig/go-m1cpu v0.1.6 // indirect
+	github.com/shopspring/decimal v1.4.0 // indirect
+	github.com/spf13/cast v1.7.0 // indirect
 	github.com/srwiley/oksvg v0.0.0-20221011165216-be6e8873101c // indirect
 	github.com/srwiley/rasterx v0.0.0-20220730225603-2ab79fcdd4ef // indirect
 	github.com/stretchr/objx v0.5.2 // indirect
@@ -245,17 +266,17 @@ require (
 	github.com/wlynxg/anet v0.0.3 // indirect
 	github.com/yuin/goldmark v1.7.8 // indirect
 	github.com/zeebo/blake3 v0.2.3 // indirect
-	go.opencensus.io v0.24.0 // indirect
-	go.opentelemetry.io/auto/sdk v1.1.0 // indirect
-	go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/net/http/otelhttp v0.51.0 // indirect
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk v1.35.0 // indirect
-	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace v1.35.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/auto/sdk v1.2.1 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/net/http/otelhttp v0.61.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/sdk v1.38.0 // indirect
+	go.opentelemetry.io/otel/trace v1.38.0 // indirect
 	go.uber.org/multierr v1.11.0 // indirect
+	go.yaml.in/yaml/v2 v2.4.2 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/image v0.33.0 // indirect
-	golang.org/x/text v0.31.0 // indirect
+	golang.org/x/text v0.32.0 // indirect
 	golang.org/x/tools v0.39.0 // indirect
 	golang.zx2c4.com/wintun v0.0.0-20230126152724-0fa3db229ce2 // indirect
-	google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20250707201910-8d1bb00bc6a7 // indirect
+	google.golang.org/genproto/googleapis/rpc v0.0.0-20251124214823-79d6a2a48846 // indirect
 	gopkg.in/square/go-jose.v2 v2.6.0 // indirect
 	gopkg.in/tomb.v1 v1.0.0-20141024135613-dd632973f1e7 // indirect
 )
@@ -264,10 +285,12 @@ replace github.com/kardianos/service => github.com/netbirdio/service v0.0.0-2024
 
 replace github.com/getlantern/systray => github.com/netbirdio/systray v0.0.0-20231030152038-ef1ed2a27949
 
-replace golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard => github.com/netbirdio/wireguard-go v0.0.0-20241230120307-6a676aebaaf6
+replace golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard => github.com/netbirdio/wireguard-go v0.0.0-20260107100953-33b7c9d03db0
 
 replace github.com/cloudflare/circl => github.com/cunicu/circl v0.0.0-20230801113412-fec58fc7b5f6
 
 replace github.com/pion/ice/v4 => github.com/netbirdio/ice/v4 v4.0.0-20250908184934-6202be846b51
 
 replace github.com/libp2p/go-netroute => github.com/netbirdio/go-netroute v0.0.0-20240611143515-f59b0e1d3944
+
+replace github.com/dexidp/dex => github.com/netbirdio/dex v0.244.0

go.sum

@@ -1,15 +1,14 @@
-cloud.google.com/go v0.26.0/go.mod h1:aQUYkXzVsufM+DwF1aE+0xfcU+56JwCaLick0ClmMTw=
-cloud.google.com/go/auth v0.3.0 h1:PRyzEpGfx/Z9e8+lHsbkoUVXD0gnu4MNmm7Gp8TQNIs=
-cloud.google.com/go/auth v0.3.0/go.mod h1:lBv6NKTWp8E3LPzmO1TbiiRKc4drLOfHsgmlH9ogv5w=
-cloud.google.com/go/auth/oauth2adapt v0.2.2 h1:+TTV8aXpjeChS9M+aTtN/TjdQnzJvmzKFt//oWu7HX4=
-cloud.google.com/go/auth/oauth2adapt v0.2.2/go.mod h1:wcYjgpZI9+Yu7LyYBg4pqSiaRkfEK3GQcpb7C/uyF1Q=
+cloud.google.com/go/auth v0.17.0 h1:74yCm7hCj2rUyyAocqnFzsAYXgJhrG26XCFimrc/Kz4=
+cloud.google.com/go/auth v0.17.0/go.mod h1:6wv/t5/6rOPAX4fJiRjKkJCvswLwdet7G8+UGXt7nCQ=
+cloud.google.com/go/auth/oauth2adapt v0.2.8 h1:keo8NaayQZ6wimpNSmW5OPc283g65QNIiLpZnkHRbnc=
+cloud.google.com/go/auth/oauth2adapt v0.2.8/go.mod h1:XQ9y31RkqZCcwJWNSx2Xvric3RrU88hAYYbjDWYDL+c=
 cloud.google.com/go/compute/metadata v0.2.0/go.mod h1:zFmK7XCadkQkj6TtorcaGlCW1hT1fIilQDwofLpJ20k=
-cloud.google.com/go/compute/metadata v0.6.0 h1:A6hENjEsCDtC1k8byVsgwvVcioamEHvZ4j01OwKxG9I=
-cloud.google.com/go/compute/metadata v0.6.0/go.mod h1:FjyFAW1MW0C203CEOMDTu3Dk1FlqW3Rga40jzHL4hfg=
+cloud.google.com/go/compute/metadata v0.9.0 h1:pDUj4QMoPejqq20dK0Pg2N4yG9zIkYGdBtwLoEkH9Zs=
+cloud.google.com/go/compute/metadata v0.9.0/go.mod h1:E0bWwX5wTnLPedCKqk3pJmVgCBSM6qQI1yTBdEb3C10=
 cunicu.li/go-rosenpass v0.4.0 h1:LtPtBgFWY/9emfgC4glKLEqS0MJTylzV6+ChRhiZERw=
 cunicu.li/go-rosenpass v0.4.0/go.mod h1:MPbjH9nxV4l3vEagKVdFNwHOketqgS5/To1VYJplf/M=
-dario.cat/mergo v1.0.0 h1:AGCNq9Evsj31mOgNPcLyXc+4PNABt905YmuqPYYpBWk=
-dario.cat/mergo v1.0.0/go.mod h1:uNxQE+84aUszobStD9th8a29P2fMDhsBdgRYvZOxGmk=
+dario.cat/mergo v1.0.1 h1:Ra4+bf83h2ztPIQYNP99R6m+Y7KfnARDfID+a+vLl4s=
+dario.cat/mergo v1.0.1/go.mod h1:uNxQE+84aUszobStD9th8a29P2fMDhsBdgRYvZOxGmk=
 filippo.io/edwards25519 v1.1.0 h1:FNf4tywRC1HmFuKW5xopWpigGjJKiJSV0Cqo0cJWDaA=
 filippo.io/edwards25519 v1.1.0/go.mod h1:BxyFTGdWcka3PhytdK4V28tE5sGfRvvvRV7EaN4VDT4=
 fyne.io/fyne/v2 v2.7.0 h1:GvZSpE3X0liU/fqstInVvRsaboIVpIWQ4/sfjDGIGGQ=
@@ -18,17 +17,28 @@ fyne.io/systray v1.11.1-0.20250603113521-ca66a66d8b58 h1:eA5/u2XRd8OUkoMqEv3IBlF
 fyne.io/systray v1.11.1-0.20250603113521-ca66a66d8b58/go.mod h1:RVwqP9nYMo7h5zViCBHri2FgjXF7H2cub7MAq4NSoLs=
 github.com/AdaLogics/go-fuzz-headers v0.0.0-20230811130428-ced1acdcaa24 h1:bvDV9vkmnHYOMsOr4WLk+Vo07yKIzd94sVoIqshQ4bU=
 github.com/AdaLogics/go-fuzz-headers v0.0.0-20230811130428-ced1acdcaa24/go.mod h1:8o94RPi1/7XTJvwPpRSzSUedZrtlirdB3r9Z20bi2f8=
+github.com/AppsFlyer/go-sundheit v0.6.0 h1:d2hBvCjBSb2lUsEWGfPigr4MCOt04sxB+Rppl0yUMSk=
+github.com/AppsFlyer/go-sundheit v0.6.0/go.mod h1:LDdBHD6tQBtmHsdW+i1GwdTt6Wqc0qazf5ZEJVTbTME=
 github.com/Azure/go-ansiterm v0.0.0-20230124172434-306776ec8161 h1:L/gRVlceqvL25UVaW/CKtUDjefjrs0SPonmDGUVOYP0=
 github.com/Azure/go-ansiterm v0.0.0-20230124172434-306776ec8161/go.mod h1:xomTg63KZ2rFqZQzSB4Vz2SUXa1BpHTVz9L5PTmPC4E=
-github.com/BurntSushi/toml v0.3.1/go.mod h1:xHWCNGjB5oqiDr8zfno3MHue2Ht5sIBksp03qcyfWMU=
+github.com/Azure/go-ntlmssp v0.0.0-20221128193559-754e69321358 h1:mFRzDkZVAjdal+s7s0MwaRv9igoPqLRdzOLzw/8Xvq8=
+github.com/Azure/go-ntlmssp v0.0.0-20221128193559-754e69321358/go.mod h1:chxPXzSsl7ZWRAuOIE23GDNzjWuZquvFlgA8xmpunjU=
 github.com/BurntSushi/toml v1.5.0 h1:W5quZX/G/csjUnuI8SUYlsHs9M38FC7znL0lIO+DvMg=
 github.com/BurntSushi/toml v1.5.0/go.mod h1:ukJfTF/6rtPPRCnwkur4qwRxa8vTRFBF0uk2lLoLwho=
+github.com/Masterminds/goutils v1.1.1 h1:5nUrii3FMTL5diU80unEVvNevw1nH4+ZV4DSLVJLSYI=
+github.com/Masterminds/goutils v1.1.1/go.mod h1:8cTjp+g8YejhMuvIA5y2vz3BpJxksy863GQaJW2MFNU=
+github.com/Masterminds/semver/v3 v3.3.0 h1:B8LGeaivUe71a5qox1ICM/JLl0NqZSW5CHyL+hmvYS0=
+github.com/Masterminds/semver/v3 v3.3.0/go.mod h1:4V+yj/TJE1HU9XfppCwVMZq3I84lprf4nC11bSS5beM=
+github.com/Masterminds/sprig/v3 v3.3.0 h1:mQh0Yrg1XPo6vjYXgtf5OtijNAKJRNcTdOOGZe3tPhs=
+github.com/Masterminds/sprig/v3 v3.3.0/go.mod h1:Zy1iXRYNqNLUolqCpL4uhk6SHUMAOSCzdgBfDb35Lz0=
 github.com/Microsoft/go-winio v0.6.2 h1:F2VQgta7ecxGYO8k3ZZz3RS8fVIXVxONVUPlNERoyfY=
 github.com/Microsoft/go-winio v0.6.2/go.mod h1:yd8OoFMLzJbo9gZq8j5qaps8bJ9aShtEA8Ipt1oGCvU=
 github.com/Microsoft/hcsshim v0.12.3 h1:LS9NXqXhMoqNCplK1ApmVSfB4UnVLRDWRapB6EIlxE0=
 github.com/Microsoft/hcsshim v0.12.3/go.mod h1:Iyl1WVpZzr+UkzjekHZbV8o5Z9ZkxNGx6CtY2Qg/JVQ=
 github.com/TheJumpCloud/jcapi-go v3.0.0+incompatible h1:hqcTK6ZISdip65SR792lwYJTa/axESA0889D3UlZbLo=
 github.com/TheJumpCloud/jcapi-go v3.0.0+incompatible/go.mod h1:6B1nuc1MUs6c62ODZDl7hVE5Pv7O2XGSkgg2olnq34I=
+github.com/alexbrainman/sspi v0.0.0-20250919150558-7d374ff0d59e h1:4dAU9FXIyQktpoUAgOJK3OTFc/xug0PCXYCqU0FgDKI=
+github.com/alexbrainman/sspi v0.0.0-20250919150558-7d374ff0d59e/go.mod h1:cEWa1LVoE5KvSD9ONXsZrj0z6KqySlCCNKHlLzbqAt4=
 github.com/anmitsu/go-shlex v0.0.0-20200514113438-38f4b401e2be h1:9AeTilPcZAjCFIImctFaOjnTIavg87rW78vTPkQqLI8=
 github.com/anmitsu/go-shlex v0.0.0-20200514113438-38f4b401e2be/go.mod h1:ySMOLuWl6zY27l47sB3qLNK6tF2fkHG55UZxx8oIVo4=
 github.com/awnumar/memcall v0.4.0 h1:B7hgZYdfH6Ot1Goaz8jGne/7i8xD4taZie/PNSFZ29g=
@@ -73,6 +83,8 @@ github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/sts v1.33.19 h1:1XuUZ8mYJw9B6lzAkXhqHlJd/Xv
 github.com/aws/aws-sdk-go-v2/service/sts v1.33.19/go.mod h1:cQnB8CUnxbMU82JvlqjKR2HBOm3fe9pWorWBza6MBJ4=
 github.com/aws/smithy-go v1.22.2 h1:6D9hW43xKFrRx/tXXfAlIZc4JI+yQe6snnWcQyxSyLQ=
 github.com/aws/smithy-go v1.22.2/go.mod h1:irrKGvNn1InZwb2d7fkIRNucdfwR8R+Ts3wxYa/cJHg=
+github.com/beevik/etree v1.6.0 h1:u8Kwy8pp9D9XeITj2Z0XtA5qqZEmtJtuXZRQi+j03eE=
+github.com/beevik/etree v1.6.0/go.mod h1:bh4zJxiIr62SOf9pRzN7UUYaEDa9HEKafK25+sLc0Gc=
 github.com/beorn7/perks v1.0.1 h1:VlbKKnNfV8bJzeqoa4cOKqO6bYr3WgKZxO8Z16+hsOM=
 github.com/beorn7/perks v1.0.1/go.mod h1:G2ZrVWU2WbWT9wwq4/hrbKbnv/1ERSJQ0ibhJ6rlkpw=
 github.com/bsm/ginkgo/v2 v2.12.0 h1:Ny8MWAHyOepLGlLKYmXG4IEkioBysk6GpaRTLC8zwWs=
@@ -87,16 +99,10 @@ github.com/caddyserver/zerossl v0.1.3 h1:onS+pxp3M8HnHpN5MMbOMyNjmTheJyWRaZYwn+Y
 github.com/caddyserver/zerossl v0.1.3/go.mod h1:CxA0acn7oEGO6//4rtrRjYgEoa4MFw/XofZnrYwGqG4=
 github.com/cenkalti/backoff/v4 v4.3.0 h1:MyRJ/UdXutAwSAT+s3wNd7MfTIcy71VQueUuFK343L8=
 github.com/cenkalti/backoff/v4 v4.3.0/go.mod h1:Y3VNntkOUPxTVeUxJ/G5vcM//AlwfmyYozVcomhLiZE=
-github.com/census-instrumentation/opencensus-proto v0.2.1/go.mod h1:f6KPmirojxKA12rnyqOA5BBL4O983OfeGPqjHWSTneU=
 github.com/cespare/xxhash/v2 v2.3.0 h1:UL815xU9SqsFlibzuggzjXhog7bL6oX9BbNZnL2UFvs=
 github.com/cespare/xxhash/v2 v2.3.0/go.mod h1:VGX0DQ3Q6kWi7AoAeZDth3/j3BFtOZR5XLFGgcrjCOs=
-github.com/chzyer/logex v1.1.10/go.mod h1:+Ywpsq7O8HXn0nuIou7OrIPyXbp3wmkHB+jjWRnGsAI=
-github.com/chzyer/readline v0.0.0-20180603132655-2972be24d48e/go.mod h1:nSuG5e5PlCu98SY8svDHJxuZscDgtXS6KTTbou5AhLI=
-github.com/chzyer/test v0.0.0-20180213035817-a1ea475d72b1/go.mod h1:Q3SI9o4m/ZMnBNeIyt5eFwwo7qiLfzFZmjNmxjkiQlU=
 github.com/cilium/ebpf v0.15.0 h1:7NxJhNiBT3NG8pZJ3c+yfrVdHY8ScgKD27sScgjLMMk=
 github.com/cilium/ebpf v0.15.0/go.mod h1:DHp1WyrLeiBh19Cf/tfiSMhqheEiK8fXFZ4No0P1Hso=
-github.com/client9/misspell v0.3.4/go.mod h1:qj6jICC3Q7zFZvVWo7KLAzC3yx5G7kyvSDkc90ppPyw=
-github.com/cncf/udpa/go v0.0.0-20191209042840-269d4d468f6f/go.mod h1:M8M6+tZqaGXZJjfX53e64911xZQV5JYwmTeXPW+k8Sc=
 github.com/coder/websocket v1.8.13 h1:f3QZdXy7uGVz+4uCJy2nTZyM0yTBj8yANEHhqlXZ9FE=
 github.com/coder/websocket v1.8.13/go.mod h1:LNVeNrXQZfe5qhS9ALED3uA+l5pPqvwXg3CKoDBB2gs=
 github.com/containerd/containerd v1.7.29 h1:90fWABQsaN9mJhGkoVnuzEY+o1XDPbg9BTC9QTAHnuE=
@@ -107,16 +113,20 @@ github.com/containerd/platforms v0.2.1 h1:zvwtM3rz2YHPQsF2CHYM8+KtB5dvhISiXh5ZpS
 github.com/containerd/platforms v0.2.1/go.mod h1:XHCb+2/hzowdiut9rkudds9bE5yJ7npe7dG/wG+uFPw=
 github.com/coreos/go-iptables v0.7.0 h1:XWM3V+MPRr5/q51NuWSgU0fqMad64Zyxs8ZUoMsamr8=
 github.com/coreos/go-iptables v0.7.0/go.mod h1:Qe8Bv2Xik5FyTXwgIbLAnv2sWSBmvWdFETJConOQ//Q=
+github.com/coreos/go-oidc/v3 v3.14.1 h1:9ePWwfdwC4QKRlCXsJGou56adA/owXczOzwKdOumLqk=
+github.com/coreos/go-oidc/v3 v3.14.1/go.mod h1:HaZ3szPaZ0e4r6ebqvsLWlk2Tn+aejfmrfah6hnSYEU=
 github.com/cpuguy83/dockercfg v0.3.2 h1:DlJTyZGBDlXqUZ2Dk2Q3xHs/FtnooJJVaad2S9GKorA=
 github.com/cpuguy83/dockercfg v0.3.2/go.mod h1:sugsbF4//dDlL/i+S+rtpIWp+5h0BHJHfjj5/jFyUJc=
-github.com/cpuguy83/go-md2man/v2 v2.0.2/go.mod h1:tgQtvFlXSQOSOSIRvRPT7W67SCa46tRHOmNcaadrF8o=
-github.com/creack/pty v1.1.18 h1:n56/Zwd5o6whRC5PMGretI4IdRLlmBXYNjScPaBgsbY=
-github.com/creack/pty v1.1.18/go.mod h1:MOBLtS5ELjhRRrroQr9kyvTxUAFNvYEK993ew/Vr4O4=
+github.com/cpuguy83/go-md2man/v2 v2.0.6/go.mod h1:oOW0eioCTA6cOiMLiUPZOpcVxMig6NIQQ7OS05n1F4g=
+github.com/creack/pty v1.1.24 h1:bJrF4RRfyJnbTJqzRLHzcGaZK1NeM5kTC9jGgovnR1s=
+github.com/creack/pty v1.1.24/go.mod h1:08sCNb52WyoAwi2QDyzUCTgcvVFhUzewun7wtTfvcwE=
 github.com/cunicu/circl v0.0.0-20230801113412-fec58fc7b5f6 h1:/DS5cDX3FJdl+XaN2D7XAwFpuanTxnp52DBLZAaJKx0=
 github.com/cunicu/circl v0.0.0-20230801113412-fec58fc7b5f6/go.mod h1:+CauBF6R70Jqcyl8N2hC8pAXYbWkGIezuSbuGLtRhnw=
 github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.0/go.mod h1:J7Y8YcW2NihsgmVo/mv3lAwl/skON4iLHjSsI+c5H38=
 github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1 h1:vj9j/u1bqnvCEfJOwUhtlOARqs3+rkHYY13jYWTU97c=
 github.com/davecgh/go-spew v1.1.1/go.mod h1:J7Y8YcW2NihsgmVo/mv3lAwl/skON4iLHjSsI+c5H38=
+github.com/dexidp/dex/api/v2 v2.4.0 h1:gNba7n6BKVp8X4Jp24cxYn5rIIGhM6kDOXcZoL6tr9A=
+github.com/dexidp/dex/api/v2 v2.4.0/go.mod h1:/p550ADvFFh7K95VmhUD+jgm15VdaNnab9td8DHOpyI=
 github.com/dgryski/go-rendezvous v0.0.0-20200823014737-9f7001d12a5f h1:lO4WD4F/rVNCu3HqELle0jiPLLBs70cWOduZpkS1E78=
 github.com/dgryski/go-rendezvous v0.0.0-20200823014737-9f7001d12a5f/go.mod h1:cuUVRXasLTGF7a8hSLbxyZXjz+1KgoB3wDUb6vlszIc=
 github.com/distribution/reference v0.6.0 h1:0IXCQ5g4/QMHHkarYzh5l+u8T3t73zM5QvfrDyIgxBk=
@@ -133,14 +143,14 @@ github.com/eko/gocache/store/go_cache/v4 v4.2.2 h1:tAI9nl6TLoJyKG1ujF0CS0n/IgTEM
 github.com/eko/gocache/store/go_cache/v4 v4.2.2/go.mod h1:T9zkHokzr8K9EiC7RfMbDg6HSwaV6rv3UdcNu13SGcA=
 github.com/eko/gocache/store/redis/v4 v4.2.2 h1:Thw31fzGuH3WzJywsdbMivOmP550D6JS7GDHhvCJPA0=
 github.com/eko/gocache/store/redis/v4 v4.2.2/go.mod h1:LaTxLKx9TG/YUEybQvPMij++D7PBTIJ4+pzvk0ykz0w=
-github.com/envoyproxy/go-control-plane v0.9.0/go.mod h1:YTl/9mNaCwkRvm6d1a2C3ymFceY/DCBVvsKhRF0iEA4=
-github.com/envoyproxy/go-control-plane v0.9.1-0.20191026205805-5f8ba28d4473/go.mod h1:YTl/9mNaCwkRvm6d1a2C3ymFceY/DCBVvsKhRF0iEA4=
-github.com/envoyproxy/go-control-plane v0.9.4/go.mod h1:6rpuAdCZL397s3pYoYcLgu1mIlRU8Am5FuJP05cCM98=
-github.com/envoyproxy/protoc-gen-validate v0.1.0/go.mod h1:iSmxcyjqTsJpI2R4NaDN7+kN2VEUnK/pcBlmesArF7c=
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+github.com/fortytw2/leaktest v1.3.0 h1:u8491cBMTQ8ft8aeV+adlcytMZylmA5nnwwkRZjI8vw=
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+github.com/frankban/quicktest v1.14.6 h1:7Xjx+VpznH+oBnejlPUj8oUpdxnVs4f8XU8WnHkI4W8=
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 github.com/fredbi/uri v1.1.1 h1:xZHJC08GZNIUhbP5ImTHnt5Ya0T8FI2VAwI/37kh2Ko=
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@@ -159,13 +169,19 @@ github.com/gin-contrib/sse v0.1.0/go.mod h1:RHrZQHXnP2xjPF+u1gW/2HnVO7nvIa9PG3Gm
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@@ -178,8 +194,8 @@ github.com/go-quicktest/qt v1.101.0/go.mod h1:14Bz/f7NwaXPtdYEgzsx46kqSxVwTbzVZs
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@@ -195,11 +211,6 @@ github.com/gogo/protobuf v1.3.2 h1:Ov1cvc58UF3b5XjBnZv7+opcTcQFZebYjWzi34vdm4Q=
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@@ -210,9 +221,7 @@ github.com/golang/protobuf v1.4.0-rc.1.0.20200221234624-67d41d38c208/go.mod h1:x
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@@ -220,12 +229,9 @@ github.com/golang/protobuf v1.5.4 h1:i7eJL8qZTpSEXOPTxNKhASYpMn+8e5Q6AdndVa1dWek
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@@ -240,23 +246,24 @@ github.com/google/nftables v0.3.0 h1:bkyZ0cbpVeMHXOrtlFc8ISmfVqq5gPJukoYieyVmITg
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@@ -274,7 +281,8 @@ github.com/hashicorp/go-uuid v1.0.3/go.mod h1:6SBZvOh/SIDV7/2o3Jml5SYk/TvGqwFJ/b
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@@ -285,6 +293,18 @@ github.com/jackc/pgx/v5 v5.5.5 h1:amBjrZVmksIdNjxGW/IiIMzxMKZFelXbUoPNb+8sjQw=
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@@ -295,6 +315,8 @@ github.com/jmespath/go-jmespath v0.4.0 h1:BEgLn5cpjn8UN1mAw4NjwDrS35OdebyEtFe+9Y
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@@ -309,8 +331,11 @@ github.com/klauspost/cpuid/v2 v2.2.7 h1:ZWSB3igEs+d0qvnxR/ZBzXVmxkgt8DdzP6m9pfuV
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@@ -445,25 +479,26 @@ github.com/pmezard/go-difflib v1.0.0/go.mod h1:iKH77koFhYxTK1pcRnkKkqfTogsbg7gZN
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@@ -499,7 +539,6 @@ github.com/stretchr/testify v1.6.1/go.mod h1:6Fq8oRcR53rry900zMqJjRRixrwX3KX962/
 github.com/stretchr/testify v1.7.0/go.mod h1:6Fq8oRcR53rry900zMqJjRRixrwX3KX962/h/Wwjteg=
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 github.com/stretchr/testify v1.8.0/go.mod h1:yNjHg4UonilssWZ8iaSj1OCr/vHnekPRkoO+kdMU+MU=
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 github.com/stretchr/testify v1.8.3/go.mod h1:sz/lmYIOXD/1dqDmKjjqLyZ2RngseejIcXlSw2iwfAo=
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@@ -553,40 +592,40 @@ github.com/zeebo/blake3 v0.2.3 h1:TFoLXsjeXqRNFxSbk35Dk4YtszE/MQQGK10BH4ptoTg=
 github.com/zeebo/blake3 v0.2.3/go.mod h1:mjJjZpnsyIVtVgTOSpJ9vmRE4wgDeyt2HU3qXvvKCaQ=
 github.com/zeebo/pcg v1.0.1 h1:lyqfGeWiv4ahac6ttHs+I5hwtH/+1mrhlCtVNQM2kHo=
 github.com/zeebo/pcg v1.0.1/go.mod h1:09F0S9iiKrwn9rlI5yjLkmrug154/YRW6KnnXVDM/l4=
-go.opencensus.io v0.24.0 h1:y73uSU6J157QMP2kn2r30vwW1A2W2WFwSCGnAVxeaD0=
-go.opencensus.io v0.24.0/go.mod h1:vNK8G9p7aAivkbmorf4v+7Hgx+Zs0yY+0fOtgBfjQKo=
-go.opentelemetry.io/auto/sdk v1.1.0 h1:cH53jehLUN6UFLY71z+NDOiNJqDdPRaXzTel0sJySYA=
-go.opentelemetry.io/auto/sdk v1.1.0/go.mod h1:3wSPjt5PWp2RhlCcmmOial7AvC4DQqZb7a7wCow3W8A=
-go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/google.golang.org/grpc/otelgrpc v0.49.0 h1:4Pp6oUg3+e/6M4C0A/3kJ2VYa++dsWVTtGgLVj5xtHg=
-go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/google.golang.org/grpc/otelgrpc v0.49.0/go.mod h1:Mjt1i1INqiaoZOMGR1RIUJN+i3ChKoFRqzrRQhlkbs0=
-go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/net/http/otelhttp v0.51.0 h1:Xs2Ncz0gNihqu9iosIZ5SkBbWo5T8JhhLJFMQL1qmLI=
-go.opentelemetry.io/contrib/instrumentation/net/http/otelhttp v0.51.0/go.mod h1:vy+2G/6NvVMpwGX/NyLqcC41fxepnuKHk16E6IZUcJc=
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+go.opentelemetry.io/otel v1.38.0 h1:RkfdswUDRimDg0m2Az18RKOsnI8UDzppJAtj01/Ymk8=
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 go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlptrace v1.19.0/go.mod h1:IPtUMKL4O3tH5y+iXVyAXqpAwMuzC1IrxVS81rummfE=
 go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlptrace/otlptracehttp v1.19.0 h1:IeMeyr1aBvBiPVYihXIaeIZba6b8E1bYp7lbdxK8CQg=
 go.opentelemetry.io/otel/exporters/otlp/otlptrace/otlptracehttp v1.19.0/go.mod h1:oVdCUtjq9MK9BlS7TtucsQwUcXcymNiEDjgDD2jMtZU=
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+go.yaml.in/yaml/v2 v2.4.2 h1:DzmwEr2rDGHl7lsFgAHxmNz/1NlQ7xLIrlN2h5d1eGI=
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 golang.org/x/crypto v0.0.0-20190308221718-c2843e01d9a2/go.mod h1:djNgcEr1/C05ACkg1iLfiJU5Ep61QUkGW8qpdssI0+w=
@@ -600,16 +639,12 @@ golang.org/x/crypto v0.18.0/go.mod h1:R0j02AL6hcrfOiy9T4ZYp/rcWeMxM3L6QYxlOuEG1m
 golang.org/x/crypto v0.19.0/go.mod h1:Iy9bg/ha4yyC70EfRS8jz+B6ybOBKMaSxLj6P6oBDfU=
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-golang.org/x/crypto v0.45.0 h1:jMBrvKuj23MTlT0bQEOBcAE0mjg8mK9RXFhRH6nyF3Q=
-golang.org/x/crypto v0.45.0/go.mod h1:XTGrrkGJve7CYK7J8PEww4aY7gM3qMCElcJQ8n8JdX4=
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 golang.org/x/exp v0.0.0-20240506185415-9bf2ced13842/go.mod h1:XtvwrStGgqGPLc4cjQfWqZHG1YFdYs6swckp8vpsjnc=
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-golang.org/x/lint v0.0.0-20181026193005-c67002cb31c3/go.mod h1:UVdnD1Gm6xHRNCYTkRU2/jEulfH38KcIWyp/GAMgvoE=
-golang.org/x/lint v0.0.0-20190227174305-5b3e6a55c961/go.mod h1:wehouNa3lNwaWXcvxsM5YxQ5yQlVC4a0KAMCusXpPoU=
-golang.org/x/lint v0.0.0-20190313153728-d0100b6bd8b3/go.mod h1:6SW0HCj/g11FgYtHlgUYUwCkIfeOF89ocIRzGO/8vkc=
 golang.org/x/lint v0.0.0-20200302205851-738671d3881b/go.mod h1:3xt1FjdF8hUf6vQPIChWIBhFzV8gjjsPE/fR3IyQdNY=
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@@ -624,18 +659,13 @@ golang.org/x/mod v0.15.0/go.mod h1:hTbmBsO62+eylJbnUtE2MGJUyE7QWk4xUqPFrRgJ+7c=
 golang.org/x/mod v0.17.0/go.mod h1:hTbmBsO62+eylJbnUtE2MGJUyE7QWk4xUqPFrRgJ+7c=
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-golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20180724234803-3673e40ba225/go.mod h1:mL1N/T3taQHkDXs73rZJwtUhF3w3ftmwwsq0BUmARs4=
-golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20180826012351-8a410e7b638d/go.mod h1:mL1N/T3taQHkDXs73rZJwtUhF3w3ftmwwsq0BUmARs4=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20180906233101-161cd47e91fd/go.mod h1:mL1N/T3taQHkDXs73rZJwtUhF3w3ftmwwsq0BUmARs4=
-golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20190213061140-3a22650c66bd/go.mod h1:mL1N/T3taQHkDXs73rZJwtUhF3w3ftmwwsq0BUmARs4=
-golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20190311183353-d8887717615a/go.mod h1:t9HGtf8HONx5eT2rtn7q6eTqICYqUVnKs3thJo3Qplg=
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 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20190603091049-60506f45cf65/go.mod h1:HSz+uSET+XFnRR8LxR5pz3Of3rY3CfYBVs4xY44aLks=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20190620200207-3b0461eec859/go.mod h1:z5CRVTTTmAJ677TzLLGU+0bjPO0LkuOLi4/5GtJWs/s=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20200226121028-0de0cce0169b/go.mod h1:z5CRVTTTmAJ677TzLLGU+0bjPO0LkuOLi4/5GtJWs/s=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20200520004742-59133d7f0dd7/go.mod h1:qpuaurCH72eLCgpAm/N6yyVIVM9cpaDIP3A8BGJEC5A=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20201021035429-f5854403a974/go.mod h1:sp8m0HH+o8qH0wwXwYZr8TS3Oi6o0r6Gce1SSxlDquU=
-golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20201110031124-69a78807bb2b/go.mod h1:sp8m0HH+o8qH0wwXwYZr8TS3Oi6o0r6Gce1SSxlDquU=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20210226172049-e18ecbb05110/go.mod h1:m0MpNAwzfU5UDzcl9v0D8zg8gWTRqZa9RBIspLL5mdg=
 golang.org/x/net v0.0.0-20210405180319-a5a99cb37ef4/go.mod h1:p54w0d4576C0XHj96bSt6lcn1PtDYWL6XObtHCRCNQM=
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@@ -649,12 +679,10 @@ golang.org/x/net v0.21.0/go.mod h1:bIjVDfnllIU7BJ2DNgfnXvpSvtn8VRwhlsaeUTyUS44=
 golang.org/x/net v0.25.0/go.mod h1:JkAGAh7GEvH74S6FOH42FLoXpXbE/aqXSrIQjXgsiwM=
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-golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.0.0-20180821212333-d2e6202438be/go.mod h1:N/0e6XlmueqKjAGxoOufVs8QHGRruUQn6yWY3a++T0U=
 golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.8.0/go.mod h1:yr7u4HXZRm1R1kBWqr/xKNqewf0plRYoB7sla+BCIXE=
-golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.30.0 h1:dnDm7JmhM45NNpd8FDDeLhK6FwqbOf4MLCM9zb1BOHI=
-golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.30.0/go.mod h1:B++QgG3ZKulg6sRPGD/mqlHQs5rB3Ml9erfeDY7xKlU=
+golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.34.0 h1:hqK/t4AKgbqWkdkcAeI8XLmbK+4m4G5YeQRrmiotGlw=
+golang.org/x/oauth2 v0.34.0/go.mod h1:lzm5WQJQwKZ3nwavOZ3IS5Aulzxi68dUSgRHujetwEA=
 golang.org/x/sync v0.0.0-20180314180146-1d60e4601c6f/go.mod h1:RxMgew5VJxzue5/jJTE5uejpjVlOe/izrB70Jof72aM=
-golang.org/x/sync v0.0.0-20181108010431-42b317875d0f/go.mod h1:RxMgew5VJxzue5/jJTE5uejpjVlOe/izrB70Jof72aM=
 golang.org/x/sync v0.0.0-20190423024810-112230192c58/go.mod h1:RxMgew5VJxzue5/jJTE5uejpjVlOe/izrB70Jof72aM=
 golang.org/x/sync v0.0.0-20190911185100-cd5d95a43a6e/go.mod h1:RxMgew5VJxzue5/jJTE5uejpjVlOe/izrB70Jof72aM=
 golang.org/x/sync v0.0.0-20201020160332-67f06af15bc9/go.mod h1:RxMgew5VJxzue5/jJTE5uejpjVlOe/izrB70Jof72aM=
@@ -665,9 +693,8 @@ golang.org/x/sync v0.3.0/go.mod h1:FU7BRWz2tNW+3quACPkgCx/L+uEAv1htQ0V83Z9Rj+Y=
 golang.org/x/sync v0.6.0/go.mod h1:Czt+wKu1gCyEFDUtn0jG5QVvpJ6rzVqr5aXyt9drQfk=
 golang.org/x/sync v0.7.0/go.mod h1:Czt+wKu1gCyEFDUtn0jG5QVvpJ6rzVqr5aXyt9drQfk=
 golang.org/x/sync v0.10.0/go.mod h1:Czt+wKu1gCyEFDUtn0jG5QVvpJ6rzVqr5aXyt9drQfk=
-golang.org/x/sync v0.18.0 h1:kr88TuHDroi+UVf+0hZnirlk8o8T+4MrK6mr60WkH/I=
-golang.org/x/sync v0.18.0/go.mod h1:9KTHXmSnoGruLpwFjVSX0lNNA75CykiMECbovNTZqGI=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20180830151530-49385e6e1522/go.mod h1:STP8DvDyc/dI5b8T5hshtkjS+E42TnysNCUPdjciGhY=
+golang.org/x/sync v0.19.0 h1:vV+1eWNmZ5geRlYjzm2adRgW2/mcpevXNg50YZtPCE4=
+golang.org/x/sync v0.19.0/go.mod h1:9KTHXmSnoGruLpwFjVSX0lNNA75CykiMECbovNTZqGI=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20180909124046-d0be0721c37e/go.mod h1:STP8DvDyc/dI5b8T5hshtkjS+E42TnysNCUPdjciGhY=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20190215142949-d0b11bdaac8a/go.mod h1:STP8DvDyc/dI5b8T5hshtkjS+E42TnysNCUPdjciGhY=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20190412213103-97732733099d/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7wpKNCjG9DtNlClVuFLEZdDNbEs=
@@ -686,7 +713,6 @@ golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20210330210617-4fbd30eecc44/go.mod h1:h1NjWce9XRLGQEsW7w
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20210510120138-977fb7262007/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20210615035016-665e8c7367d1/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20210616094352-59db8d763f22/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20211007075335-d3039528d8ac/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20220520151302-bc2c85ada10a/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20220715151400-c0bba94af5f8/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20220722155257-8c9f86f7a55f/go.mod h1:oPkhp1MJrh7nUepCBck5+mAzfO9JrbApNNgaTdGDITg=
@@ -703,8 +729,8 @@ golang.org/x/sys v0.17.0/go.mod h1:/VUhepiaJMQUp4+oa/7Zr1D23ma6VTLIYjOOTFZPUcA=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.19.0/go.mod h1:/VUhepiaJMQUp4+oa/7Zr1D23ma6VTLIYjOOTFZPUcA=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.20.0/go.mod h1:/VUhepiaJMQUp4+oa/7Zr1D23ma6VTLIYjOOTFZPUcA=
 golang.org/x/sys v0.28.0/go.mod h1:/VUhepiaJMQUp4+oa/7Zr1D23ma6VTLIYjOOTFZPUcA=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.38.0 h1:3yZWxaJjBmCWXqhN1qh02AkOnCQ1poK6oF+a7xWL6Gc=
-golang.org/x/sys v0.38.0/go.mod h1:OgkHotnGiDImocRcuBABYBEXf8A9a87e/uXjp9XT3ks=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.39.0 h1:CvCKL8MeisomCi6qNZ+wbb0DN9E5AATixKsvNtMoMFk=
+golang.org/x/sys v0.39.0/go.mod h1:OgkHotnGiDImocRcuBABYBEXf8A9a87e/uXjp9XT3ks=
 golang.org/x/telemetry v0.0.0-20240228155512-f48c80bd79b2/go.mod h1:TeRTkGYfJXctD9OcfyVLyj2J3IxLnKwHJR8f4D8a3YE=
 golang.org/x/term v0.0.0-20201126162022-7de9c90e9dd1/go.mod h1:bj7SfCRtBDWHUb9snDiAeCFNEtKQo2Wmx5Cou7ajbmo=
 golang.org/x/term v0.0.0-20210927222741-03fcf44c2211/go.mod h1:jbD1KX2456YbFQfuXm/mYQcufACuNUgVhRMnK/tPxf8=
@@ -717,8 +743,8 @@ golang.org/x/term v0.16.0/go.mod h1:yn7UURbUtPyrVJPGPq404EukNFxcm/foM+bV/bfcDsY=
 golang.org/x/term v0.17.0/go.mod h1:lLRBjIVuehSbZlaOtGMbcMncT+aqLLLmKrsjNrUguwk=
 golang.org/x/term v0.20.0/go.mod h1:8UkIAJTvZgivsXaD6/pH6U9ecQzZ45awqEOzuCvwpFY=
 golang.org/x/term v0.27.0/go.mod h1:iMsnZpn0cago0GOrHO2+Y7u7JPn5AylBrcoWkElMTSM=
-golang.org/x/term v0.37.0 h1:8EGAD0qCmHYZg6J17DvsMy9/wJ7/D/4pV/wfnld5lTU=
-golang.org/x/term v0.37.0/go.mod h1:5pB4lxRNYYVZuTLmy8oR2BH8dflOR+IbTYFD8fi3254=
+golang.org/x/term v0.38.0 h1:PQ5pkm/rLO6HnxFR7N2lJHOZX6Kez5Y1gDSJla6jo7Q=
+golang.org/x/term v0.38.0/go.mod h1:bSEAKrOT1W+VSu9TSCMtoGEOUcKxOKgl3LE5QEF/xVg=
 golang.org/x/text v0.3.0/go.mod h1:NqM8EUOU14njkJ3fqMW+pc6Ldnwhi/IjpwHt7yyuwOQ=
 golang.org/x/text v0.3.2/go.mod h1:bEr9sfX3Q8Zfm5fL9x+3itogRgK3+ptLWKqgva+5dAk=
 golang.org/x/text v0.3.3/go.mod h1:5Zoc/QRtKVWzQhOtBMvqHzDpF6irO9z98xDceosuGiQ=
@@ -730,15 +756,11 @@ golang.org/x/text v0.13.0/go.mod h1:TvPlkZtksWOMsz7fbANvkp4WM8x/WCo/om8BMLbz+aE=
 golang.org/x/text v0.14.0/go.mod h1:18ZOQIKpY8NJVqYksKHtTdi31H5itFRjB5/qKTNYzSU=
 golang.org/x/text v0.15.0/go.mod h1:18ZOQIKpY8NJVqYksKHtTdi31H5itFRjB5/qKTNYzSU=
 golang.org/x/text v0.21.0/go.mod h1:4IBbMaMmOPCJ8SecivzSH54+73PCFmPWxNTLm+vZkEQ=
-golang.org/x/text v0.31.0 h1:aC8ghyu4JhP8VojJ2lEHBnochRno1sgL6nEi9WGFGMM=
-golang.org/x/text v0.31.0/go.mod h1:tKRAlv61yKIjGGHX/4tP1LTbc13YSec1pxVEWXzfoeM=
-golang.org/x/time v0.12.0 h1:ScB/8o8olJvc+CQPWrK3fPZNfh7qgwCrY0zJmoEQLSE=
-golang.org/x/time v0.12.0/go.mod h1:CDIdPxbZBQxdj6cxyCIdrNogrJKMJ7pr37NYpMcMDSg=
+golang.org/x/text v0.32.0 h1:ZD01bjUt1FQ9WJ0ClOL5vxgxOI/sVCNgX1YtKwcY0mU=
+golang.org/x/text v0.32.0/go.mod h1:o/rUWzghvpD5TXrTIBuJU77MTaN0ljMWE47kxGJQ7jY=
+golang.org/x/time v0.14.0 h1:MRx4UaLrDotUKUdCIqzPC48t1Y9hANFKIRpNx+Te8PI=
+golang.org/x/time v0.14.0/go.mod h1:eL/Oa2bBBK0TkX57Fyni+NgnyQQN4LitPmob2Hjnqw4=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.0.0-20180917221912-90fa682c2a6e/go.mod h1:n7NCudcB/nEzxVGmLbDWY5pfWTLqBcC2KZ6jyYvM4mQ=
-golang.org/x/tools v0.0.0-20190114222345-bf090417da8b/go.mod h1:n7NCudcB/nEzxVGmLbDWY5pfWTLqBcC2KZ6jyYvM4mQ=
-golang.org/x/tools v0.0.0-20190226205152-f727befe758c/go.mod h1:9Yl7xja0Znq3iFh3HoIrodX9oNMXvdceNzlUR8zjMvY=
-golang.org/x/tools v0.0.0-20190311212946-11955173bddd/go.mod h1:LCzVGOaR6xXOjkQ3onu1FJEFr0SW1gC7cKk1uF8kGRs=
-golang.org/x/tools v0.0.0-20190524140312-2c0ae7006135/go.mod h1:RgjU9mgBXZiqYHBnxXauZ1Gv1EHHAz9KjViQ78xBX0Q=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.0.0-20191119224855-298f0cb1881e/go.mod h1:b+2E5dAYhXwXZwtnZ6UAqBI28+e2cm9otk0dWdXHAEo=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.0.0-20200130002326-2f3ba24bd6e7/go.mod h1:TB2adYChydJhpapKDTa4BR/hXlZSLoq2Wpct/0txZ28=
 golang.org/x/tools v0.0.0-20200619180055-7c47624df98f/go.mod h1:EkVYQZoAsY45+roYkvgYkIh4xh/qjgUK9TdY2XT94GE=
@@ -761,42 +783,33 @@ golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard/wgctrl v0.0.0-20230429144221-925a1e7659e6 h1:CawjfCvY
 golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard/wgctrl v0.0.0-20230429144221-925a1e7659e6/go.mod h1:3rxYc4HtVcSG9gVaTs2GEBdehh+sYPOwKtyUWEOTb80=
 golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard/windows v0.5.3 h1:On6j2Rpn3OEMXqBq00QEDC7bWSZrPIHKIus8eIuExIE=
 golang.zx2c4.com/wireguard/windows v0.5.3/go.mod h1:9TEe8TJmtwyQebdFwAkEWOPr3prrtqm+REGFifP60hI=
-google.golang.org/api v0.177.0 h1:8a0p/BbPa65GlqGWtUKxot4p0TV8OGOfyTjtmkXNXmk=
-google.golang.org/api v0.177.0/go.mod h1:srbhue4MLjkjbkux5p3dw/ocYOSZTaIEvf7bCOnFQDw=
-google.golang.org/appengine v1.1.0/go.mod h1:EbEs0AVv82hx2wNQdGPgUI5lhzA/G0D9YwlJXL52JkM=
-google.golang.org/appengine v1.4.0/go.mod h1:xpcJRLb0r/rnEns0DIKYYv+WjYCduHsrkT7/EB5XEv4=
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-google.golang.org/genproto v0.0.0-20180817151627-c66870c02cf8/go.mod h1:JiN7NxoALGmiZfu7CAH4rXhgtRTLTxftemlI0sWmxmc=
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 gopkg.in/check.v1 v1.0.0-20201130134442-10cb98267c6c h1:Hei/4ADfdWqJk1ZMxUNpqntNwaWcugrBjAiHlqqRiVk=
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 gopkg.in/fsnotify.v1 v1.4.7/go.mod h1:Tz8NjZHkW78fSQdbUxIjBTcgA1z1m8ZHf0WmKUhAMys=
@@ -830,7 +843,5 @@ gorm.io/gorm v1.25.12 h1:I0u8i2hWQItBq1WfE0o2+WuL9+8L21K9e2HHSTE/0f8=
 gorm.io/gorm v1.25.12/go.mod h1:xh7N7RHfYlNc5EmcI/El95gXusucDrQnHXe0+CgWcLQ=
 gotest.tools/v3 v3.5.0 h1:Ljk6PdHdOhAb5aDMWXjDLMMhph+BpztA4v1QdqEW2eY=
 gotest.tools/v3 v3.5.0/go.mod h1:isy3WKz7GK6uNw/sbHzfKBLvlvXwUyV06n6brMxxopU=
-gvisor.dev/gvisor v0.0.0-20231020174304-b8a429915ff1 h1:qDCwdCWECGnwQSQC01Dpnp09fRHxJs9PbktotUqG+hs=
-gvisor.dev/gvisor v0.0.0-20231020174304-b8a429915ff1/go.mod h1:8hmigyCdYtw5xJGfQDJzSH5Ju8XEIDBnpyi8+O6GRt8=
-honnef.co/go/tools v0.0.0-20190102054323-c2f93a96b099/go.mod h1:rf3lG4BRIbNafJWhAfAdb/ePZxsR/4RtNHQocxwk9r4=
-honnef.co/go/tools v0.0.0-20190523083050-ea95bdfd59fc/go.mod h1:rf3lG4BRIbNafJWhAfAdb/ePZxsR/4RtNHQocxwk9r4=
+gvisor.dev/gvisor v0.0.0-20251031020517-ecfcdd2f171c h1:pfzmXIkkDgydR4ZRP+e1hXywZfYR21FA0Fbk6ptMkiA=
+gvisor.dev/gvisor v0.0.0-20251031020517-ecfcdd2f171c/go.mod h1:/mc6CfwbOm5KKmqoV7Qx20Q+Ja8+vO4g7FuCdlVoAfQ=

idp/dex/config.go

@@ -0,0 +1,301 @@
+package dex
+
+import (
+	"encoding/base64"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"fmt"
+	"log/slog"
+	"os"
+	"time"
+
+	"golang.org/x/crypto/bcrypt"
+	"gopkg.in/yaml.v3"
+
+	"github.com/dexidp/dex/server"
+	"github.com/dexidp/dex/storage"
+	"github.com/dexidp/dex/storage/sql"
+
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/idp/dex/web"
+)
+
+// parseDuration parses a duration string (e.g., "6h", "24h", "168h").
+func parseDuration(s string) (time.Duration, error) {
+	return time.ParseDuration(s)
+}
+
+// YAMLConfig represents the YAML configuration file format (mirrors dex's config format)
+type YAMLConfig struct {
+	Issuer   string   `yaml:"issuer" json:"issuer"`
+	Storage  Storage  `yaml:"storage" json:"storage"`
+	Web      Web      `yaml:"web" json:"web"`
+	GRPC     GRPC     `yaml:"grpc" json:"grpc"`
+	OAuth2   OAuth2   `yaml:"oauth2" json:"oauth2"`
+	Expiry   Expiry   `yaml:"expiry" json:"expiry"`
+	Logger   Logger   `yaml:"logger" json:"logger"`
+	Frontend Frontend `yaml:"frontend" json:"frontend"`
+
+	// StaticConnectors are user defined connectors specified in the config file
+	StaticConnectors []Connector `yaml:"connectors" json:"connectors"`
+
+	// StaticClients cause the server to use this list of clients rather than
+	// querying the storage. Write operations, like creating a client, will fail.
+	StaticClients []storage.Client `yaml:"staticClients" json:"staticClients"`
+
+	// If enabled, the server will maintain a list of passwords which can be used
+	// to identify a user.
+	EnablePasswordDB bool `yaml:"enablePasswordDB" json:"enablePasswordDB"`
+
+	// StaticPasswords cause the server use this list of passwords rather than
+	// querying the storage.
+	StaticPasswords []Password `yaml:"staticPasswords" json:"staticPasswords"`
+}
+
+// Web is the config format for the HTTP server.
+type Web struct {
+	HTTP           string   `yaml:"http" json:"http"`
+	HTTPS          string   `yaml:"https" json:"https"`
+	AllowedOrigins []string `yaml:"allowedOrigins" json:"allowedOrigins"`
+	AllowedHeaders []string `yaml:"allowedHeaders" json:"allowedHeaders"`
+}
+
+// GRPC is the config for the gRPC API.
+type GRPC struct {
+	Addr        string `yaml:"addr" json:"addr"`
+	TLSCert     string `yaml:"tlsCert" json:"tlsCert"`
+	TLSKey      string `yaml:"tlsKey" json:"tlsKey"`
+	TLSClientCA string `yaml:"tlsClientCA" json:"tlsClientCA"`
+}
+
+// OAuth2 describes enabled OAuth2 extensions.
+type OAuth2 struct {
+	SkipApprovalScreen    bool     `yaml:"skipApprovalScreen" json:"skipApprovalScreen"`
+	AlwaysShowLoginScreen bool     `yaml:"alwaysShowLoginScreen" json:"alwaysShowLoginScreen"`
+	PasswordConnector     string   `yaml:"passwordConnector" json:"passwordConnector"`
+	ResponseTypes         []string `yaml:"responseTypes" json:"responseTypes"`
+	GrantTypes            []string `yaml:"grantTypes" json:"grantTypes"`
+}
+
+// Expiry holds configuration for the validity period of components.
+type Expiry struct {
+	SigningKeys    string              `yaml:"signingKeys" json:"signingKeys"`
+	IDTokens       string              `yaml:"idTokens" json:"idTokens"`
+	AuthRequests   string              `yaml:"authRequests" json:"authRequests"`
+	DeviceRequests string              `yaml:"deviceRequests" json:"deviceRequests"`
+	RefreshTokens  RefreshTokensExpiry `yaml:"refreshTokens" json:"refreshTokens"`
+}
+
+// RefreshTokensExpiry holds configuration for refresh token expiry.
+type RefreshTokensExpiry struct {
+	ReuseInterval     string `yaml:"reuseInterval" json:"reuseInterval"`
+	ValidIfNotUsedFor string `yaml:"validIfNotUsedFor" json:"validIfNotUsedFor"`
+	AbsoluteLifetime  string `yaml:"absoluteLifetime" json:"absoluteLifetime"`
+	DisableRotation   bool   `yaml:"disableRotation" json:"disableRotation"`
+}
+
+// Logger holds configuration required to customize logging.
+type Logger struct {
+	Level  string `yaml:"level" json:"level"`
+	Format string `yaml:"format" json:"format"`
+}
+
+// Frontend holds the server's frontend templates and assets config.
+type Frontend struct {
+	Dir     string            `yaml:"dir" json:"dir"`
+	Theme   string            `yaml:"theme" json:"theme"`
+	Issuer  string            `yaml:"issuer" json:"issuer"`
+	LogoURL string            `yaml:"logoURL" json:"logoURL"`
+	Extra   map[string]string `yaml:"extra" json:"extra"`
+}
+
+// Storage holds app's storage configuration.
+type Storage struct {
+	Type   string                 `yaml:"type" json:"type"`
+	Config map[string]interface{} `yaml:"config" json:"config"`
+}
+
+// Password represents a static user configuration
+type Password storage.Password
+
+func (p *Password) UnmarshalYAML(node *yaml.Node) error {
+	var data struct {
+		Email       string `yaml:"email"`
+		Username    string `yaml:"username"`
+		UserID      string `yaml:"userID"`
+		Hash        string `yaml:"hash"`
+		HashFromEnv string `yaml:"hashFromEnv"`
+	}
+	if err := node.Decode(&data); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	*p = Password(storage.Password{
+		Email:    data.Email,
+		Username: data.Username,
+		UserID:   data.UserID,
+	})
+	if len(data.Hash) == 0 && len(data.HashFromEnv) > 0 {
+		data.Hash = os.Getenv(data.HashFromEnv)
+	}
+	if len(data.Hash) == 0 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("no password hash provided for user %s", data.Email)
+	}
+
+	// If this value is a valid bcrypt, use it.
+	_, bcryptErr := bcrypt.Cost([]byte(data.Hash))
+	if bcryptErr == nil {
+		p.Hash = []byte(data.Hash)
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	// For backwards compatibility try to base64 decode this value.
+	hashBytes, err := base64.StdEncoding.DecodeString(data.Hash)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("malformed bcrypt hash: %v", bcryptErr)
+	}
+	if _, err := bcrypt.Cost(hashBytes); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("malformed bcrypt hash: %v", err)
+	}
+	p.Hash = hashBytes
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Connector is a connector configuration that can unmarshal YAML dynamically.
+type Connector struct {
+	Type   string                 `yaml:"type" json:"type"`
+	Name   string                 `yaml:"name" json:"name"`
+	ID     string                 `yaml:"id" json:"id"`
+	Config map[string]interface{} `yaml:"config" json:"config"`
+}
+
+// ToStorageConnector converts a Connector to storage.Connector type.
+func (c *Connector) ToStorageConnector() (storage.Connector, error) {
+	data, err := json.Marshal(c.Config)
+	if err != nil {
+		return storage.Connector{}, fmt.Errorf("failed to marshal connector config: %v", err)
+	}
+
+	return storage.Connector{
+		ID:     c.ID,
+		Type:   c.Type,
+		Name:   c.Name,
+		Config: data,
+	}, nil
+}
+
+// StorageConfig is a configuration that can create a storage.
+type StorageConfig interface {
+	Open(logger *slog.Logger) (storage.Storage, error)
+}
+
+// OpenStorage opens a storage based on the config
+func (s *Storage) OpenStorage(logger *slog.Logger) (storage.Storage, error) {
+	switch s.Type {
+	case "sqlite3":
+		file, _ := s.Config["file"].(string)
+		if file == "" {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("sqlite3 storage requires 'file' config")
+		}
+		return (&sql.SQLite3{File: file}).Open(logger)
+	default:
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unsupported storage type: %s", s.Type)
+	}
+}
+
+// Validate validates the configuration
+func (c *YAMLConfig) Validate() error {
+	if c.Issuer == "" {
+		return fmt.Errorf("no issuer specified in config file")
+	}
+	if c.Storage.Type == "" {
+		return fmt.Errorf("no storage type specified in config file")
+	}
+	if c.Web.HTTP == "" && c.Web.HTTPS == "" {
+		return fmt.Errorf("must supply a HTTP/HTTPS address to listen on")
+	}
+	if !c.EnablePasswordDB && len(c.StaticPasswords) != 0 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("cannot specify static passwords without enabling password db")
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// ToServerConfig converts YAMLConfig to dex server.Config
+func (c *YAMLConfig) ToServerConfig(stor storage.Storage, logger *slog.Logger) server.Config {
+	cfg := server.Config{
+		Issuer:             c.Issuer,
+		Storage:            stor,
+		Logger:             logger,
+		SkipApprovalScreen: c.OAuth2.SkipApprovalScreen,
+		AllowedOrigins:     c.Web.AllowedOrigins,
+		AllowedHeaders:     c.Web.AllowedHeaders,
+		Web: server.WebConfig{
+			Issuer:  c.Frontend.Issuer,
+			LogoURL: c.Frontend.LogoURL,
+			Theme:   c.Frontend.Theme,
+			Dir:     c.Frontend.Dir,
+			Extra:   c.Frontend.Extra,
+		},
+	}
+
+	// Use embedded NetBird-styled templates if no custom dir specified
+	if c.Frontend.Dir == "" {
+		cfg.Web.WebFS = web.FS()
+	}
+
+	if len(c.OAuth2.ResponseTypes) > 0 {
+		cfg.SupportedResponseTypes = c.OAuth2.ResponseTypes
+	}
+
+	// Apply expiry settings
+	if c.Expiry.SigningKeys != "" {
+		if d, err := parseDuration(c.Expiry.SigningKeys); err == nil {
+			cfg.RotateKeysAfter = d
+		}
+	}
+	if c.Expiry.IDTokens != "" {
+		if d, err := parseDuration(c.Expiry.IDTokens); err == nil {
+			cfg.IDTokensValidFor = d
+		}
+	}
+	if c.Expiry.AuthRequests != "" {
+		if d, err := parseDuration(c.Expiry.AuthRequests); err == nil {
+			cfg.AuthRequestsValidFor = d
+		}
+	}
+	if c.Expiry.DeviceRequests != "" {
+		if d, err := parseDuration(c.Expiry.DeviceRequests); err == nil {
+			cfg.DeviceRequestsValidFor = d
+		}
+	}
+
+	return cfg
+}
+
+// GetRefreshTokenPolicy creates a RefreshTokenPolicy from the expiry config.
+// This should be called after ToServerConfig and the policy set on the config.
+func (c *YAMLConfig) GetRefreshTokenPolicy(logger *slog.Logger) (*server.RefreshTokenPolicy, error) {
+	return server.NewRefreshTokenPolicy(
+		logger,
+		c.Expiry.RefreshTokens.DisableRotation,
+		c.Expiry.RefreshTokens.ValidIfNotUsedFor,
+		c.Expiry.RefreshTokens.AbsoluteLifetime,
+		c.Expiry.RefreshTokens.ReuseInterval,
+	)
+}
+
+// LoadConfig loads configuration from a YAML file
+func LoadConfig(path string) (*YAMLConfig, error) {
+	data, err := os.ReadFile(path)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to read config file: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	var cfg YAMLConfig
+	if err := yaml.Unmarshal(data, &cfg); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to parse config file: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	if err := cfg.Validate(); err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return &cfg, nil
+}

idp/dex/logrus_handler.go

@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+package dex
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"log/slog"
+
+	"github.com/sirupsen/logrus"
+
+	"github.com/netbirdio/netbird/formatter"
+)
+
+// LogrusHandler is an slog.Handler that delegates to logrus.
+// This allows Dex to use the same log format as the rest of NetBird.
+type LogrusHandler struct {
+	logger *logrus.Logger
+	attrs  []slog.Attr
+	groups []string
+}
+
+// NewLogrusHandler creates a new slog handler that wraps logrus with NetBird's text formatter.
+func NewLogrusHandler(level slog.Level) *LogrusHandler {
+	logger := logrus.New()
+	formatter.SetTextFormatter(logger)
+
+	// Map slog level to logrus level
+	switch level {
+	case slog.LevelDebug:
+		logger.SetLevel(logrus.DebugLevel)
+	case slog.LevelInfo:
+		logger.SetLevel(logrus.InfoLevel)
+	case slog.LevelWarn:
+		logger.SetLevel(logrus.WarnLevel)
+	case slog.LevelError:
+		logger.SetLevel(logrus.ErrorLevel)
+	default:
+		logger.SetLevel(logrus.WarnLevel)
+	}
+
+	return &LogrusHandler{logger: logger}
+}
+
+// Enabled reports whether the handler handles records at the given level.
+func (h *LogrusHandler) Enabled(_ context.Context, level slog.Level) bool {
+	switch level {
+	case slog.LevelDebug:
+		return h.logger.IsLevelEnabled(logrus.DebugLevel)
+	case slog.LevelInfo:
+		return h.logger.IsLevelEnabled(logrus.InfoLevel)
+	case slog.LevelWarn:
+		return h.logger.IsLevelEnabled(logrus.WarnLevel)
+	case slog.LevelError:
+		return h.logger.IsLevelEnabled(logrus.ErrorLevel)
+	default:
+		return true
+	}
+}
+
+// Handle handles the Record.
+func (h *LogrusHandler) Handle(_ context.Context, r slog.Record) error {
+	fields := make(logrus.Fields)
+
+	// Add pre-set attributes
+	for _, attr := range h.attrs {
+		fields[attr.Key] = attr.Value.Any()
+	}
+
+	// Add record attributes
+	r.Attrs(func(attr slog.Attr) bool {
+		fields[attr.Key] = attr.Value.Any()
+		return true
+	})
+
+	entry := h.logger.WithFields(fields)
+
+	switch r.Level {
+	case slog.LevelDebug:
+		entry.Debug(r.Message)
+	case slog.LevelInfo:
+		entry.Info(r.Message)
+	case slog.LevelWarn:
+		entry.Warn(r.Message)
+	case slog.LevelError:
+		entry.Error(r.Message)
+	default:
+		entry.Info(r.Message)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// WithAttrs returns a new Handler with the given attributes added.
+func (h *LogrusHandler) WithAttrs(attrs []slog.Attr) slog.Handler {
+	newAttrs := make([]slog.Attr, len(h.attrs)+len(attrs))
+	copy(newAttrs, h.attrs)
+	copy(newAttrs[len(h.attrs):], attrs)
+	return &LogrusHandler{
+		logger: h.logger,
+		attrs:  newAttrs,
+		groups: h.groups,
+	}
+}
+
+// WithGroup returns a new Handler with the given group appended to the receiver's groups.
+func (h *LogrusHandler) WithGroup(name string) slog.Handler {
+	newGroups := make([]string, len(h.groups)+1)
+	copy(newGroups, h.groups)
+	newGroups[len(h.groups)] = name
+	return &LogrusHandler{
+		logger: h.logger,
+		attrs:  h.attrs,
+		groups: newGroups,
+	}
+}

idp/dex/provider.go

@@ -0,0 +1,952 @@
+// Package dex provides an embedded Dex OIDC identity provider.
+package dex
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"encoding/base64"
+	"encoding/json"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"log/slog"
+	"net"
+	"net/http"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"strings"
+	"sync"
+	"time"
+
+	dexapi "github.com/dexidp/dex/api/v2"
+	"github.com/dexidp/dex/server"
+	"github.com/dexidp/dex/storage"
+	"github.com/dexidp/dex/storage/sql"
+	"github.com/google/uuid"
+	"github.com/prometheus/client_golang/prometheus"
+	"golang.org/x/crypto/bcrypt"
+	"google.golang.org/grpc"
+)
+
+// Config matches what management/internals/server/server.go expects
+type Config struct {
+	Issuer  string
+	Port    int
+	DataDir string
+	DevMode bool
+
+	// GRPCAddr is the address for the gRPC API (e.g., ":5557"). Empty disables gRPC.
+	GRPCAddr string
+}
+
+// Provider wraps a Dex server
+type Provider struct {
+	config       *Config
+	yamlConfig   *YAMLConfig
+	dexServer    *server.Server
+	httpServer   *http.Server
+	listener     net.Listener
+	grpcServer   *grpc.Server
+	grpcListener net.Listener
+	storage      storage.Storage
+	logger       *slog.Logger
+	mu           sync.Mutex
+	running      bool
+}
+
+// NewProvider creates and initializes the Dex server
+func NewProvider(ctx context.Context, config *Config) (*Provider, error) {
+	if config.Issuer == "" {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("issuer is required")
+	}
+	if config.Port <= 0 {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("invalid port")
+	}
+	if config.DataDir == "" {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("data directory is required")
+	}
+
+	logger := slog.New(slog.NewTextHandler(os.Stderr, nil))
+
+	// Ensure data directory exists
+	if err := os.MkdirAll(config.DataDir, 0700); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create data directory: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Initialize SQLite storage
+	dbPath := filepath.Join(config.DataDir, "oidc.db")
+	sqliteConfig := &sql.SQLite3{File: dbPath}
+	stor, err := sqliteConfig.Open(logger)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to open storage: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Ensure a local connector exists (for password authentication)
+	if err := ensureLocalConnector(ctx, stor); err != nil {
+		stor.Close()
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to ensure local connector: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Ensure issuer ends with /oauth2 for proper path mounting
+	issuer := strings.TrimSuffix(config.Issuer, "/")
+	if !strings.HasSuffix(issuer, "/oauth2") {
+		issuer += "/oauth2"
+	}
+
+	// Build refresh token policy (required to avoid nil pointer panics)
+	refreshPolicy, err := server.NewRefreshTokenPolicy(logger, false, "", "", "")
+	if err != nil {
+		stor.Close()
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create refresh token policy: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Build Dex server config - use Dex's types directly
+	dexConfig := server.Config{
+		Issuer:                 issuer,
+		Storage:                stor,
+		SkipApprovalScreen:     true,
+		SupportedResponseTypes: []string{"code"},
+		Logger:                 logger,
+		PrometheusRegistry:     prometheus.NewRegistry(),
+		RotateKeysAfter:        6 * time.Hour,
+		IDTokensValidFor:       24 * time.Hour,
+		RefreshTokenPolicy:     refreshPolicy,
+		Web: server.WebConfig{
+			Issuer: "NetBird",
+		},
+	}
+
+	dexSrv, err := server.NewServer(ctx, dexConfig)
+	if err != nil {
+		stor.Close()
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create dex server: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return &Provider{
+		config:    config,
+		dexServer: dexSrv,
+		storage:   stor,
+		logger:    logger,
+	}, nil
+}
+
+// NewProviderFromYAML creates and initializes the Dex server from a YAMLConfig
+func NewProviderFromYAML(ctx context.Context, yamlConfig *YAMLConfig) (*Provider, error) {
+	// Configure log level from config, default to WARN to avoid logging sensitive data (emails)
+	logLevel := slog.LevelWarn
+	if yamlConfig.Logger.Level != "" {
+		switch strings.ToLower(yamlConfig.Logger.Level) {
+		case "debug":
+			logLevel = slog.LevelDebug
+		case "info":
+			logLevel = slog.LevelInfo
+		case "warn", "warning":
+			logLevel = slog.LevelWarn
+		case "error":
+			logLevel = slog.LevelError
+		}
+	}
+	logger := slog.New(NewLogrusHandler(logLevel))
+
+	stor, err := yamlConfig.Storage.OpenStorage(logger)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to open storage: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	if err := initializeStorage(ctx, stor, yamlConfig); err != nil {
+		stor.Close()
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	dexConfig := buildDexConfig(yamlConfig, stor, logger)
+	dexConfig.RefreshTokenPolicy, err = yamlConfig.GetRefreshTokenPolicy(logger)
+	if err != nil {
+		stor.Close()
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create refresh token policy: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	dexSrv, err := server.NewServer(ctx, dexConfig)
+	if err != nil {
+		stor.Close()
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create dex server: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return &Provider{
+		config:     &Config{Issuer: yamlConfig.Issuer, GRPCAddr: yamlConfig.GRPC.Addr},
+		yamlConfig: yamlConfig,
+		dexServer:  dexSrv,
+		storage:    stor,
+		logger:     logger,
+	}, nil
+}
+
+// initializeStorage sets up connectors, passwords, and clients in storage
+func initializeStorage(ctx context.Context, stor storage.Storage, cfg *YAMLConfig) error {
+	if cfg.EnablePasswordDB {
+		if err := ensureLocalConnector(ctx, stor); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("failed to ensure local connector: %w", err)
+		}
+	}
+	if err := ensureStaticPasswords(ctx, stor, cfg.StaticPasswords); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	if err := ensureStaticClients(ctx, stor, cfg.StaticClients); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	return ensureStaticConnectors(ctx, stor, cfg.StaticConnectors)
+}
+
+// ensureStaticPasswords creates or updates static passwords in storage
+func ensureStaticPasswords(ctx context.Context, stor storage.Storage, passwords []Password) error {
+	for _, pw := range passwords {
+		existing, err := stor.GetPassword(ctx, pw.Email)
+		if errors.Is(err, storage.ErrNotFound) {
+			if err := stor.CreatePassword(ctx, storage.Password(pw)); err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("failed to create password for %s: %w", pw.Email, err)
+			}
+			continue
+		}
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("failed to get password for %s: %w", pw.Email, err)
+		}
+		if string(existing.Hash) != string(pw.Hash) {
+			if err := stor.UpdatePassword(ctx, pw.Email, func(old storage.Password) (storage.Password, error) {
+				old.Hash = pw.Hash
+				old.Username = pw.Username
+				return old, nil
+			}); err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("failed to update password for %s: %w", pw.Email, err)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// ensureStaticClients creates or updates static clients in storage
+func ensureStaticClients(ctx context.Context, stor storage.Storage, clients []storage.Client) error {
+	for _, client := range clients {
+		_, err := stor.GetClient(ctx, client.ID)
+		if errors.Is(err, storage.ErrNotFound) {
+			if err := stor.CreateClient(ctx, client); err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("failed to create client %s: %w", client.ID, err)
+			}
+			continue
+		}
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("failed to get client %s: %w", client.ID, err)
+		}
+		if err := stor.UpdateClient(ctx, client.ID, func(old storage.Client) (storage.Client, error) {
+			old.RedirectURIs = client.RedirectURIs
+			old.Name = client.Name
+			old.Public = client.Public
+			return old, nil
+		}); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("failed to update client %s: %w", client.ID, err)
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// ensureStaticConnectors creates or updates static connectors in storage
+func ensureStaticConnectors(ctx context.Context, stor storage.Storage, connectors []Connector) error {
+	for _, conn := range connectors {
+		storConn, err := conn.ToStorageConnector()
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("failed to convert connector %s: %w", conn.ID, err)
+		}
+		_, err = stor.GetConnector(ctx, conn.ID)
+		if errors.Is(err, storage.ErrNotFound) {
+			if err := stor.CreateConnector(ctx, storConn); err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("failed to create connector %s: %w", conn.ID, err)
+			}
+			continue
+		}
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("failed to get connector %s: %w", conn.ID, err)
+		}
+		if err := stor.UpdateConnector(ctx, conn.ID, func(old storage.Connector) (storage.Connector, error) {
+			old.Name = storConn.Name
+			old.Config = storConn.Config
+			return old, nil
+		}); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("failed to update connector %s: %w", conn.ID, err)
+		}
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// buildDexConfig creates a server.Config with defaults applied
+func buildDexConfig(yamlConfig *YAMLConfig, stor storage.Storage, logger *slog.Logger) server.Config {
+	cfg := yamlConfig.ToServerConfig(stor, logger)
+	cfg.PrometheusRegistry = prometheus.NewRegistry()
+	if cfg.RotateKeysAfter == 0 {
+		cfg.RotateKeysAfter = 24 * 30 * time.Hour
+	}
+	if cfg.IDTokensValidFor == 0 {
+		cfg.IDTokensValidFor = 24 * time.Hour
+	}
+	if cfg.Web.Issuer == "" {
+		cfg.Web.Issuer = "NetBird"
+	}
+	if len(cfg.SupportedResponseTypes) == 0 {
+		cfg.SupportedResponseTypes = []string{"code"}
+	}
+	return cfg
+}
+
+// Start starts the HTTP server and optionally the gRPC API server
+func (p *Provider) Start(_ context.Context) error {
+	p.mu.Lock()
+	defer p.mu.Unlock()
+
+	if p.running {
+		return fmt.Errorf("already running")
+	}
+
+	// Determine listen address from config
+	var addr string
+	if p.yamlConfig != nil {
+		addr = p.yamlConfig.Web.HTTP
+		if addr == "" {
+			addr = p.yamlConfig.Web.HTTPS
+		}
+	} else if p.config != nil && p.config.Port > 0 {
+		addr = fmt.Sprintf(":%d", p.config.Port)
+	}
+	if addr == "" {
+		return fmt.Errorf("no listen address configured")
+	}
+
+	listener, err := net.Listen("tcp", addr)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to listen on %s: %w", addr, err)
+	}
+	p.listener = listener
+
+	// Mount Dex at /oauth2/ path for reverse proxy compatibility
+	// Don't strip the prefix - Dex's issuer includes /oauth2 so it expects the full path
+	mux := http.NewServeMux()
+	mux.Handle("/oauth2/", p.dexServer)
+
+	p.httpServer = &http.Server{Handler: mux}
+	p.running = true
+
+	go func() {
+		if err := p.httpServer.Serve(listener); err != nil && err != http.ErrServerClosed {
+			p.logger.Error("http server error", "error", err)
+		}
+	}()
+
+	// Start gRPC API server if configured
+	if p.config.GRPCAddr != "" {
+		if err := p.startGRPCServer(); err != nil {
+			// Clean up HTTP server on failure
+			_ = p.httpServer.Close()
+			_ = p.listener.Close()
+			return fmt.Errorf("failed to start gRPC server: %w", err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	p.logger.Info("HTTP server started", "addr", addr)
+	return nil
+}
+
+// startGRPCServer starts the gRPC API server using Dex's built-in API
+func (p *Provider) startGRPCServer() error {
+	grpcListener, err := net.Listen("tcp", p.config.GRPCAddr)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to listen on %s: %w", p.config.GRPCAddr, err)
+	}
+	p.grpcListener = grpcListener
+
+	p.grpcServer = grpc.NewServer()
+	// Use Dex's built-in API server implementation
+	// server.NewAPI(storage, logger, version, dexServer)
+	dexapi.RegisterDexServer(p.grpcServer, server.NewAPI(p.storage, p.logger, "netbird-dex", p.dexServer))
+
+	go func() {
+		if err := p.grpcServer.Serve(grpcListener); err != nil {
+			p.logger.Error("grpc server error", "error", err)
+		}
+	}()
+
+	p.logger.Info("gRPC API server started", "addr", p.config.GRPCAddr)
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Stop gracefully shuts down
+func (p *Provider) Stop(ctx context.Context) error {
+	p.mu.Lock()
+	defer p.mu.Unlock()
+
+	if !p.running {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	var errs []error
+
+	// Stop gRPC server first
+	if p.grpcServer != nil {
+		p.grpcServer.GracefulStop()
+		p.grpcServer = nil
+	}
+	if p.grpcListener != nil {
+		p.grpcListener.Close()
+		p.grpcListener = nil
+	}
+
+	if p.httpServer != nil {
+		if err := p.httpServer.Shutdown(ctx); err != nil {
+			errs = append(errs, err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Explicitly close listener as fallback (Shutdown should do this, but be safe)
+	if p.listener != nil {
+		if err := p.listener.Close(); err != nil {
+			// Ignore "use of closed network connection" - expected after Shutdown
+			if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "use of closed") {
+				errs = append(errs, err)
+			}
+		}
+		p.listener = nil
+	}
+
+	if p.storage != nil {
+		if err := p.storage.Close(); err != nil {
+			errs = append(errs, err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	p.httpServer = nil
+	p.running = false
+
+	if len(errs) > 0 {
+		return fmt.Errorf("shutdown errors: %v", errs)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+// EnsureDefaultClients creates dashboard and CLI OAuth clients
+// Uses Dex's storage.Client directly - no custom wrappers
+func (p *Provider) EnsureDefaultClients(ctx context.Context, dashboardURIs, cliURIs []string) error {
+	clients := []storage.Client{
+		{
+			ID:           "netbird-dashboard",
+			Name:         "NetBird Dashboard",
+			RedirectURIs: dashboardURIs,
+			Public:       true,
+		},
+		{
+			ID:           "netbird-cli",
+			Name:         "NetBird CLI",
+			RedirectURIs: cliURIs,
+			Public:       true,
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, client := range clients {
+		_, err := p.storage.GetClient(ctx, client.ID)
+		if err == storage.ErrNotFound {
+			if err := p.storage.CreateClient(ctx, client); err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("failed to create client %s: %w", client.ID, err)
+			}
+			continue
+		}
+		if err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("failed to get client %s: %w", client.ID, err)
+		}
+		// Update if exists
+		if err := p.storage.UpdateClient(ctx, client.ID, func(old storage.Client) (storage.Client, error) {
+			old.RedirectURIs = client.RedirectURIs
+			return old, nil
+		}); err != nil {
+			return fmt.Errorf("failed to update client %s: %w", client.ID, err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	p.logger.Info("default OIDC clients ensured")
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Storage returns the underlying Dex storage for direct access
+// Users can use storage.Client, storage.Password, storage.Connector directly
+func (p *Provider) Storage() storage.Storage {
+	return p.storage
+}
+
+// Handler returns the Dex server as an http.Handler for embedding in another server.
+// The handler expects requests with path prefix "/oauth2/".
+func (p *Provider) Handler() http.Handler {
+	return p.dexServer
+}
+
+// CreateUser creates a new user with the given email, username, and password.
+// Returns the encoded user ID in Dex's format (base64-encoded protobuf with connector ID).
+func (p *Provider) CreateUser(ctx context.Context, email, username, password string) (string, error) {
+	hash, err := bcrypt.GenerateFromPassword([]byte(password), bcrypt.DefaultCost)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", fmt.Errorf("failed to hash password: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	userID := uuid.New().String()
+	err = p.storage.CreatePassword(ctx, storage.Password{
+		Email:    email,
+		Username: username,
+		UserID:   userID,
+		Hash:     hash,
+	})
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", err
+	}
+
+	// Encode the user ID in Dex's format: base64(protobuf{user_id, connector_id})
+	// This matches the format Dex uses in JWT tokens
+	encodedID := EncodeDexUserID(userID, "local")
+	return encodedID, nil
+}
+
+// EncodeDexUserID encodes user ID and connector ID into Dex's base64-encoded protobuf format.
+// Dex uses this format for the 'sub' claim in JWT tokens.
+// Format: base64(protobuf message with field 1 = user_id, field 2 = connector_id)
+func EncodeDexUserID(userID, connectorID string) string {
+	// Manually encode protobuf: field 1 (user_id) and field 2 (connector_id)
+	// Wire type 2 (length-delimited) for strings
+	var buf []byte
+
+	// Field 1: user_id (tag = 0x0a = field 1, wire type 2)
+	buf = append(buf, 0x0a)
+	buf = append(buf, byte(len(userID)))
+	buf = append(buf, []byte(userID)...)
+
+	// Field 2: connector_id (tag = 0x12 = field 2, wire type 2)
+	buf = append(buf, 0x12)
+	buf = append(buf, byte(len(connectorID)))
+	buf = append(buf, []byte(connectorID)...)
+
+	return base64.RawStdEncoding.EncodeToString(buf)
+}
+
+// DecodeDexUserID decodes Dex's base64-encoded user ID back to the raw user ID and connector ID.
+func DecodeDexUserID(encodedID string) (userID, connectorID string, err error) {
+	// Try RawStdEncoding first, then StdEncoding (with padding)
+	buf, err := base64.RawStdEncoding.DecodeString(encodedID)
+	if err != nil {
+		buf, err = base64.StdEncoding.DecodeString(encodedID)
+		if err != nil {
+			return "", "", fmt.Errorf("failed to decode base64: %w", err)
+		}
+	}
+
+	// Parse protobuf manually
+	i := 0
+	for i < len(buf) {
+		if i >= len(buf) {
+			break
+		}
+		tag := buf[i]
+		i++
+
+		fieldNum := tag >> 3
+		wireType := tag & 0x07
+
+		if wireType != 2 { // We only expect length-delimited strings
+			return "", "", fmt.Errorf("unexpected wire type %d", wireType)
+		}
+
+		if i >= len(buf) {
+			return "", "", fmt.Errorf("truncated message")
+		}
+		length := int(buf[i])
+		i++
+
+		if i+length > len(buf) {
+			return "", "", fmt.Errorf("truncated string field")
+		}
+		value := string(buf[i : i+length])
+		i += length
+
+		switch fieldNum {
+		case 1:
+			userID = value
+		case 2:
+			connectorID = value
+		}
+	}
+
+	return userID, connectorID, nil
+}
+
+// GetUser returns a user by email
+func (p *Provider) GetUser(ctx context.Context, email string) (storage.Password, error) {
+	return p.storage.GetPassword(ctx, email)
+}
+
+// GetUserByID returns a user by user ID.
+// The userID can be either an encoded Dex ID (base64 protobuf) or a raw UUID.
+// Note: This requires iterating through all users since dex storage doesn't index by userID.
+func (p *Provider) GetUserByID(ctx context.Context, userID string) (storage.Password, error) {
+	// Try to decode the user ID in case it's encoded
+	rawUserID, _, err := DecodeDexUserID(userID)
+	if err != nil {
+		// If decoding fails, assume it's already a raw UUID
+		rawUserID = userID
+	}
+
+	users, err := p.storage.ListPasswords(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return storage.Password{}, fmt.Errorf("failed to list users: %w", err)
+	}
+	for _, user := range users {
+		if user.UserID == rawUserID {
+			return user, nil
+		}
+	}
+	return storage.Password{}, storage.ErrNotFound
+}
+
+// DeleteUser removes a user by email
+func (p *Provider) DeleteUser(ctx context.Context, email string) error {
+	return p.storage.DeletePassword(ctx, email)
+}
+
+// ListUsers returns all users
+func (p *Provider) ListUsers(ctx context.Context) ([]storage.Password, error) {
+	return p.storage.ListPasswords(ctx)
+}
+
+// ensureLocalConnector creates a local (password) connector if none exists
+func ensureLocalConnector(ctx context.Context, stor storage.Storage) error {
+	connectors, err := stor.ListConnectors(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to list connectors: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// If any connector exists, we're good
+	if len(connectors) > 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+
+	// Create a local connector for password authentication
+	localConnector := storage.Connector{
+		ID:   "local",
+		Type: "local",
+		Name: "Email",
+	}
+
+	if err := stor.CreateConnector(ctx, localConnector); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to create local connector: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// ConnectorConfig represents the configuration for an identity provider connector
+type ConnectorConfig struct {
+	// ID is the unique identifier for the connector
+	ID string
+	// Name is a human-readable name for the connector
+	Name string
+	// Type is the connector type (oidc, google, microsoft)
+	Type string
+	// Issuer is the OIDC issuer URL (for OIDC-based connectors)
+	Issuer string
+	// ClientID is the OAuth2 client ID
+	ClientID string
+	// ClientSecret is the OAuth2 client secret
+	ClientSecret string
+	// RedirectURI is the OAuth2 redirect URI
+	RedirectURI string
+}
+
+// CreateConnector creates a new connector in Dex storage.
+// It maps the connector config to the appropriate Dex connector type and configuration.
+func (p *Provider) CreateConnector(ctx context.Context, cfg *ConnectorConfig) (*ConnectorConfig, error) {
+	// Fill in the redirect URI if not provided
+	if cfg.RedirectURI == "" {
+		cfg.RedirectURI = p.GetRedirectURI()
+	}
+
+	storageConn, err := p.buildStorageConnector(cfg)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to build connector: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	if err := p.storage.CreateConnector(ctx, storageConn); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to create connector: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	p.logger.Info("connector created", "id", cfg.ID, "type", cfg.Type)
+	return cfg, nil
+}
+
+// GetConnector retrieves a connector by ID from Dex storage.
+func (p *Provider) GetConnector(ctx context.Context, id string) (*ConnectorConfig, error) {
+	conn, err := p.storage.GetConnector(ctx, id)
+	if err != nil {
+		if err == storage.ErrNotFound {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to get connector: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return p.parseStorageConnector(conn)
+}
+
+// ListConnectors returns all connectors from Dex storage (excluding the local connector).
+func (p *Provider) ListConnectors(ctx context.Context) ([]*ConnectorConfig, error) {
+	connectors, err := p.storage.ListConnectors(ctx)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to list connectors: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	result := make([]*ConnectorConfig, 0, len(connectors))
+	for _, conn := range connectors {
+		// Skip the local password connector
+		if conn.ID == "local" && conn.Type == "local" {
+			continue
+		}
+
+		cfg, err := p.parseStorageConnector(conn)
+		if err != nil {
+			p.logger.Warn("failed to parse connector", "id", conn.ID, "error", err)
+			continue
+		}
+		result = append(result, cfg)
+	}
+
+	return result, nil
+}
+
+// UpdateConnector updates an existing connector in Dex storage.
+func (p *Provider) UpdateConnector(ctx context.Context, cfg *ConnectorConfig) error {
+	storageConn, err := p.buildStorageConnector(cfg)
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to build connector: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	if err := p.storage.UpdateConnector(ctx, cfg.ID, func(old storage.Connector) (storage.Connector, error) {
+		return storageConn, nil
+	}); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to update connector: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	p.logger.Info("connector updated", "id", cfg.ID, "type", cfg.Type)
+	return nil
+}
+
+// DeleteConnector removes a connector from Dex storage.
+func (p *Provider) DeleteConnector(ctx context.Context, id string) error {
+	// Prevent deletion of the local connector
+	if id == "local" {
+		return fmt.Errorf("cannot delete the local password connector")
+	}
+
+	if err := p.storage.DeleteConnector(ctx, id); err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("failed to delete connector: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	p.logger.Info("connector deleted", "id", id)
+	return nil
+}
+
+// buildStorageConnector creates a storage.Connector from ConnectorConfig.
+// It handles the type-specific configuration for each connector type.
+func (p *Provider) buildStorageConnector(cfg *ConnectorConfig) (storage.Connector, error) {
+	redirectURI := p.resolveRedirectURI(cfg.RedirectURI)
+
+	var dexType string
+	var configData []byte
+	var err error
+
+	switch cfg.Type {
+	case "oidc", "zitadel", "entra", "okta", "pocketid", "authentik", "keycloak":
+		dexType = "oidc"
+		configData, err = buildOIDCConnectorConfig(cfg, redirectURI)
+	case "google":
+		dexType = "google"
+		configData, err = buildOAuth2ConnectorConfig(cfg, redirectURI)
+	case "microsoft":
+		dexType = "microsoft"
+		configData, err = buildOAuth2ConnectorConfig(cfg, redirectURI)
+	default:
+		return storage.Connector{}, fmt.Errorf("unsupported connector type: %s", cfg.Type)
+	}
+	if err != nil {
+		return storage.Connector{}, err
+	}
+
+	return storage.Connector{ID: cfg.ID, Type: dexType, Name: cfg.Name, Config: configData}, nil
+}
+
+// resolveRedirectURI returns the redirect URI, using a default if not provided
+func (p *Provider) resolveRedirectURI(redirectURI string) string {
+	if redirectURI != "" || p.config == nil {
+		return redirectURI
+	}
+	issuer := strings.TrimSuffix(p.config.Issuer, "/")
+	if !strings.HasSuffix(issuer, "/oauth2") {
+		issuer += "/oauth2"
+	}
+	return issuer + "/callback"
+}
+
+// buildOIDCConnectorConfig creates config for OIDC-based connectors
+func buildOIDCConnectorConfig(cfg *ConnectorConfig, redirectURI string) ([]byte, error) {
+	oidcConfig := map[string]interface{}{
+		"issuer":               cfg.Issuer,
+		"clientID":             cfg.ClientID,
+		"clientSecret":         cfg.ClientSecret,
+		"redirectURI":          redirectURI,
+		"scopes":               []string{"openid", "profile", "email"},
+		"insecureEnableGroups": true,
+	}
+	switch cfg.Type {
+	case "zitadel":
+		oidcConfig["getUserInfo"] = true
+	case "entra":
+		oidcConfig["insecureSkipEmailVerified"] = true
+		oidcConfig["claimMapping"] = map[string]string{"email": "preferred_username"}
+	case "okta":
+		oidcConfig["insecureSkipEmailVerified"] = true
+		oidcConfig["scopes"] = []string{"openid", "profile", "email", "groups"}
+	case "pocketid":
+		oidcConfig["scopes"] = []string{"openid", "profile", "email", "groups"}
+	}
+	return encodeConnectorConfig(oidcConfig)
+}
+
+// buildOAuth2ConnectorConfig creates config for OAuth2 connectors (google, microsoft)
+func buildOAuth2ConnectorConfig(cfg *ConnectorConfig, redirectURI string) ([]byte, error) {
+	return encodeConnectorConfig(map[string]interface{}{
+		"clientID":     cfg.ClientID,
+		"clientSecret": cfg.ClientSecret,
+		"redirectURI":  redirectURI,
+	})
+}
+
+// parseStorageConnector converts a storage.Connector back to ConnectorConfig.
+// It infers the original identity provider type from the Dex connector type and ID.
+func (p *Provider) parseStorageConnector(conn storage.Connector) (*ConnectorConfig, error) {
+	cfg := &ConnectorConfig{
+		ID:   conn.ID,
+		Name: conn.Name,
+	}
+
+	if len(conn.Config) == 0 {
+		cfg.Type = conn.Type
+		return cfg, nil
+	}
+
+	var configMap map[string]interface{}
+	if err := decodeConnectorConfig(conn.Config, &configMap); err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("failed to parse connector config: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	// Extract common fields
+	if v, ok := configMap["clientID"].(string); ok {
+		cfg.ClientID = v
+	}
+	if v, ok := configMap["clientSecret"].(string); ok {
+		cfg.ClientSecret = v
+	}
+	if v, ok := configMap["redirectURI"].(string); ok {
+		cfg.RedirectURI = v
+	}
+	if v, ok := configMap["issuer"].(string); ok {
+		cfg.Issuer = v
+	}
+
+	// Infer the original identity provider type from Dex connector type and ID
+	cfg.Type = inferIdentityProviderType(conn.Type, conn.ID, configMap)
+
+	return cfg, nil
+}
+
+// inferIdentityProviderType determines the original identity provider type
+// based on the Dex connector type, connector ID, and configuration.
+func inferIdentityProviderType(dexType, connectorID string, _ map[string]interface{}) string {
+	if dexType != "oidc" {
+		return dexType
+	}
+	return inferOIDCProviderType(connectorID)
+}
+
+// inferOIDCProviderType infers the specific OIDC provider from connector ID
+func inferOIDCProviderType(connectorID string) string {
+	connectorIDLower := strings.ToLower(connectorID)
+	for _, provider := range []string{"pocketid", "zitadel", "entra", "okta", "authentik", "keycloak"} {
+		if strings.Contains(connectorIDLower, provider) {
+			return provider
+		}
+	}
+	return "oidc"
+}
+
+// encodeConnectorConfig serializes connector config to JSON bytes.
+func encodeConnectorConfig(config map[string]interface{}) ([]byte, error) {
+	return json.Marshal(config)
+}
+
+// decodeConnectorConfig deserializes connector config from JSON bytes.
+func decodeConnectorConfig(data []byte, v interface{}) error {
+	return json.Unmarshal(data, v)
+}
+
+// GetRedirectURI returns the default redirect URI for connectors.
+func (p *Provider) GetRedirectURI() string {
+	if p.config == nil {
+		return ""
+	}
+	issuer := strings.TrimSuffix(p.config.Issuer, "/")
+	if !strings.HasSuffix(issuer, "/oauth2") {
+		issuer += "/oauth2"
+	}
+	return issuer + "/callback"
+}
+
+// GetIssuer returns the OIDC issuer URL.
+func (p *Provider) GetIssuer() string {
+	if p.config == nil {
+		return ""
+	}
+	issuer := strings.TrimSuffix(p.config.Issuer, "/")
+	if !strings.HasSuffix(issuer, "/oauth2") {
+		issuer += "/oauth2"
+	}
+	return issuer
+}
+
+// GetKeysLocation returns the JWKS endpoint URL for token validation.
+func (p *Provider) GetKeysLocation() string {
+	issuer := p.GetIssuer()
+	if issuer == "" {
+		return ""
+	}
+	return issuer + "/keys"
+}
+
+// GetTokenEndpoint returns the OAuth2 token endpoint URL.
+func (p *Provider) GetTokenEndpoint() string {
+	issuer := p.GetIssuer()
+	if issuer == "" {
+		return ""
+	}
+	return issuer + "/token"
+}
+
+// GetDeviceAuthEndpoint returns the OAuth2 device authorization endpoint URL.
+func (p *Provider) GetDeviceAuthEndpoint() string {
+	issuer := p.GetIssuer()
+	if issuer == "" {
+		return ""
+	}
+	return issuer + "/device/code"
+}
+
+// GetAuthorizationEndpoint returns the OAuth2 authorization endpoint URL.
+func (p *Provider) GetAuthorizationEndpoint() string {
+	issuer := p.GetIssuer()
+	if issuer == "" {
+		return ""
+	}
+	return issuer + "/auth"
+}

idp/dex/provider_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,197 @@
+package dex
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+)
+
+func TestUserCreationFlow(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx := context.Background()
+
+	// Create a temporary directory for the test
+	tmpDir, err := os.MkdirTemp("", "dex-test-*")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	defer os.RemoveAll(tmpDir)
+
+	// Create provider with minimal config
+	config := &Config{
+		Issuer:  "http://localhost:5556/dex",
+		Port:    5556,
+		DataDir: tmpDir,
+	}
+
+	provider, err := NewProvider(ctx, config)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	defer func() { _ = provider.Stop(ctx) }()
+
+	// Test user data
+	email := "test@example.com"
+	username := "testuser"
+	password := "testpassword123"
+
+	// Create the user
+	encodedID, err := provider.CreateUser(ctx, email, username, password)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	require.NotEmpty(t, encodedID)
+
+	t.Logf("Created user with encoded ID: %s", encodedID)
+
+	// Verify the encoded ID can be decoded
+	rawUserID, connectorID, err := DecodeDexUserID(encodedID)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.NotEmpty(t, rawUserID)
+	assert.Equal(t, "local", connectorID)
+
+	t.Logf("Decoded: rawUserID=%s, connectorID=%s", rawUserID, connectorID)
+
+	// Verify we can look up the user by encoded ID
+	user, err := provider.GetUserByID(ctx, encodedID)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, email, user.Email)
+	assert.Equal(t, username, user.Username)
+	assert.Equal(t, rawUserID, user.UserID)
+
+	// Verify we can also look up by raw UUID (backwards compatibility)
+	user2, err := provider.GetUserByID(ctx, rawUserID)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, email, user2.Email)
+
+	// Verify we can look up by email
+	user3, err := provider.GetUser(ctx, email)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, rawUserID, user3.UserID)
+
+	// Verify encoding produces consistent format
+	reEncodedID := EncodeDexUserID(rawUserID, "local")
+	assert.Equal(t, encodedID, reEncodedID)
+}
+
+func TestDecodeDexUserID(t *testing.T) {
+	tests := []struct {
+		name       string
+		encodedID  string
+		wantUserID string
+		wantConnID string
+		wantErr    bool
+	}{
+		{
+			name:       "valid encoded ID",
+			encodedID:  "CiQ3YWFkOGMwNS0zMjg3LTQ3M2YtYjQyYS0zNjU1MDRiZjI1ZTcSBWxvY2Fs",
+			wantUserID: "7aad8c05-3287-473f-b42a-365504bf25e7",
+			wantConnID: "local",
+			wantErr:    false,
+		},
+		{
+			name:       "invalid base64",
+			encodedID:  "not-valid-base64!!!",
+			wantUserID: "",
+			wantConnID: "",
+			wantErr:    true,
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, tt := range tests {
+		t.Run(tt.name, func(t *testing.T) {
+			userID, connID, err := DecodeDexUserID(tt.encodedID)
+			if tt.wantErr {
+				assert.Error(t, err)
+				return
+			}
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+			assert.Equal(t, tt.wantUserID, userID)
+			assert.Equal(t, tt.wantConnID, connID)
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func TestEncodeDexUserID(t *testing.T) {
+	userID := "7aad8c05-3287-473f-b42a-365504bf25e7"
+	connectorID := "local"
+
+	encoded := EncodeDexUserID(userID, connectorID)
+	assert.NotEmpty(t, encoded)
+
+	// Verify round-trip
+	decodedUserID, decodedConnID, err := DecodeDexUserID(encoded)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, userID, decodedUserID)
+	assert.Equal(t, connectorID, decodedConnID)
+}
+
+func TestEncodeDexUserID_MatchesDexFormat(t *testing.T) {
+	// This is an actual ID from Dex - verify our encoding matches
+	knownEncodedID := "CiQ3YWFkOGMwNS0zMjg3LTQ3M2YtYjQyYS0zNjU1MDRiZjI1ZTcSBWxvY2Fs"
+	knownUserID := "7aad8c05-3287-473f-b42a-365504bf25e7"
+	knownConnectorID := "local"
+
+	// Decode the known ID
+	userID, connID, err := DecodeDexUserID(knownEncodedID)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, knownUserID, userID)
+	assert.Equal(t, knownConnectorID, connID)
+
+	// Re-encode and verify it matches
+	reEncoded := EncodeDexUserID(knownUserID, knownConnectorID)
+	assert.Equal(t, knownEncodedID, reEncoded)
+}
+
+func TestCreateUserInTempDB(t *testing.T) {
+	ctx := context.Background()
+
+	// Create temp directory
+	tmpDir, err := os.MkdirTemp("", "dex-create-user-*")
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	defer os.RemoveAll(tmpDir)
+
+	// Create YAML config for the test
+	yamlContent := `
+issuer: http://localhost:5556/dex
+storage:
+  type: sqlite3
+  config:
+    file: ` + filepath.Join(tmpDir, "dex.db") + `
+web:
+  http: 127.0.0.1:5556
+enablePasswordDB: true
+`
+	configPath := filepath.Join(tmpDir, "config.yaml")
+	err = os.WriteFile(configPath, []byte(yamlContent), 0644)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	// Load config and create provider
+	yamlConfig, err := LoadConfig(configPath)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	provider, err := NewProviderFromYAML(ctx, yamlConfig)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	defer func() { _ = provider.Stop(ctx) }()
+
+	// Create user
+	email := "newuser@example.com"
+	username := "newuser"
+	password := "securepassword123"
+
+	encodedID, err := provider.CreateUser(ctx, email, username, password)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+
+	t.Logf("Created user: email=%s, encodedID=%s", email, encodedID)
+
+	// Verify lookup works with encoded ID
+	user, err := provider.GetUserByID(ctx, encodedID)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, email, user.Email)
+	assert.Equal(t, username, user.Username)
+
+	// Decode and verify format
+	rawID, connID, err := DecodeDexUserID(encodedID)
+	require.NoError(t, err)
+	assert.Equal(t, "local", connID)
+	assert.Equal(t, rawID, user.UserID)
+
+	t.Logf("User lookup successful: rawID=%s, connectorID=%s", rawID, connID)
+}

idp/dex/web/robots.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+User-agent: *
+Disallow: /